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英検準1級 模範解答 構造分析

2023-1〜2025-3 公式模範解答9本 — 第1パラ膨らませ／本論ラベリング／結論2類型／軸の品詞変換

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TS 主張 RZ 理由 DT 機序 EX 具体例 CN 譲歩 CT 対比 CS 帰結 AD 追加 RS 小結 TH Thesis BG 背景 N名詞句 V動詞句 to V不定詞句 V-ing動名詞句 Adj形容詞句

1. 第1パラグラフ（Introduction）の膨らませ方

準1級は 2文構成 が標準。1文目で主張を出し、2文目で本論で展開する 2軸（reasons / benefits）を予告する。第1パラの長さは約25–40語。

1-A. 4つの導入パターン

型1文目（主張へ向かう道）2文目（軸の提示）該当年度
① 直接主張型主張を即提示
X should Y.		軸2つを並べる
The reasons are related to A and B.		2024-1, 2024-2, 2023-2
② 譲歩→主張型Although X may seem ~, 反対の事実を出す
Although X, there are too many risks.		主張+軸
People should Y for reasons related to A and B.		2024-3, 2025-2
③ 背景→主張型時代背景を１文
As X swells, ... is important.
In recent years, X has improved drastically.
In today's fast-paced digital world, ~		I believe + 主張+軸
I believe Z is needed to A and B.		2025-1, 2025-3, 2023-1
④ 主張+I will explain型主張を即提示
X should Y.		説明予告
I will explain from the perspectives of A and B.		2023-3

1-B. 共通する「軸提示」の決まり文句 — A・Bの品詞はすべて名詞句(N)

A. reasons-frame
... for reasons related to AN and BN.
B. benefits-frame
It offers many benefits, including AN and BN.
C. due-to-frame
... due to their potential to AV and BV.
※ "to" の後ろなので動詞原形が並ぶ
D. The reasons-frame
The reasons for this are related to AN and BN.
E. perspectives-frame
I will explain from the perspectives of AN and BN.
F. based-on-frame
This opinion is based on the following reasons: AN and BN.

★ 第1パラ「膨らませ」の3手順

STEP 1 主張に至る入り口を選ぶ → ①直接 / ②譲歩 / ③背景
STEP 2 主張を述べる時、必ず Should / Must / Be required to などモーダルを使う
STEP 3 2文目で 軸2語の名詞（costs, safety, convenience...）を予告 → 本論Para2/Para3が直接これを引き継ぐ

2. アイデア1・2（本論パラグラフ）の膨らませ方

本論は 各3文構成（TS → 中間2文 → 小結 / 帰結） がほぼ全てに共通。中間2文の 論理パターンが4種類あり、これを使い分ける。

2-A. 4つの展開パターン

パターン文の流れ（3〜4文）典型接続該当例
P1: 問題→対比→解決
(コスト・公害系)		 TS → RZ(現状の問題) → CT(However) → RS(結果・解決) However / can 2024-1 Para2, 2025-2 Para3
P2: 主張→根拠→具体例→小結
(ベネフィット系)		 TS → RZ(性質・理由) → EX(For instance) → RS For instance / Additionally 2024-2 Para2, 2023-1 Para2/3
P3: 譲歩→リスク→帰結
(禁止・必要系)		 TS → CN(Even if) → RZ(リスク列挙) → CS(So) Even if / So / Therefore 2024-3 Para2, 2025-2 Para2
P4: 機序→効果
(技術・社会系)		 TS → DT(仕組み・プロセス) → RS(効果・正当化) By ~ing / This / In turn 2025-1, 2025-3, 2023-2 Para2/3, 2023-3 Para2/3
P5: 仮定で必要性
(条件付き帰結)		 TS → RZ → RS(If they don't, ~) If ~, they will fail to ~ 2023-2 Para3

2-B. パターン別テンプレ

P1 問題→対比→解決
TSFirst, X can solve / reduce / improve Y.
RZCurrently, Y is a problem because ~.
CTHowever, X can bring such ~ down.
RSZ, lowering / improving ~.
P2 主張→根拠→追加
TSFirst, X opens up / provides Y.
RZY is considered ~, and people are more likely to ~.
ADAdditionally, this can make it easier to ~.
P3 譲歩→リスク→帰結
TSFirst, X is important for Y reasons.
CNEven if A takes precautions, there will always be a risk that ~.
CSSo, people should not be allowed to ~.
P4 機序→効果
TSFirst, X offers a new level of Y.
DTBy reducing / using ~, X frees up / enables ~.
RSThis, in turn, substantially improves ~, which justifies ~.

2-C. 文意味ラベルの使用頻度（9本×2パラ＝18本論を集計）

順位タグ使用率役割
1TS18/18必ず First / Second / Additionally / Moreover で開く
2RZ / DT15/18主張の論拠（プロセス・性質・機序）
3RS13/18段落末の小結・効果の言い直し
4CT / CS7/18However / So / Therefore で論理を曲げる／結ぶ
5EX4/18For instance / for example で具体化（2023年回に多い）
6AD3/18Additionally で2点目を畳みかける
7CN2/18Even if で反対意見を先取り

知見: 2024-2025は 抽象的因果説明 で完結（"such offers", "harm to neighbors" など概念レベルの一般化）。一方 2023年回は For instance / for example が頻出（個別エピソード型）。 「For instance + 抽象例」 の形（"online customer support provides people with..." のように具体物を仮定的に挙げる）が安全策。

3. Conclusion のまとめ方 — 2類型

準1級の結論は 2文構成が圧倒的多数。1文目は主張のparaphrase、2文目で2つのアプローチに分岐する。

① 大局的観点型（Big Picture）

2文目で もっと大きな効果・社会的インパクトを語る。主張を実行した「先」を見せる。

テンプレ ①
In conclusion, 主張restated. Such cooperation / It / They can lead to a more ~ world for everyone.

例:

  • 2025-1: "Such cooperation can lead to a more food-secure world for everyone."
  • 2025-3: "They can have a positive impact by making car travel more convenient and safer."
  • 2025-2: "It will not be easy, but it is necessary to save money and to reduce dangerous pollution."

② テンプレ可能側面型（Reason Restate）

2文目で 本論の2軸（A・B）を再提示。"Doing so..." や "as / because A and B" でフォーマット化できる。

テンプレ ②a
In conclusion, 主張restated, as / because it can A and B.
テンプレ ②b
In conclusion, 主張restated. Doing so not only A but also B.

例:

  • 2024-1: "...because it can lower living costs ... and feed growing populations."
  • 2024-2: "...as it provides better chances for career advancement and an enhanced quality of life."
  • 2024-3: "Doing so is not only necessary from the perspective of safety but also safeguards the animals' well-being."
  • 2023-1: "...as this will not only allow them to enhance customers' experiences but also reduce operating costs."
  • 2023-2: "...as this helps meet new consumer demands and protect the environment."
  • 2023-3: "...considering the benefits of better taxation policies for society and increased social responsibility, the government should do more to ~"

★ 結論の選び方 — どちらを書くか？

テーマ性質推奨理由
政策・規制 (cost/welfare等の具体課題)② テンプレ型2軸が具体名詞 → restate しやすい
社会変革・新技術 (AI・自動運転・国際協力)① 大局型"より良い世界"のビジョンで読み手に余韻
迷ったら② テンプレ型0文字でも軸2つを言い直せば成立

4. 軸（A・B）の品詞変換ルール — 名詞句⇄動詞句

9本の模範解答すべてで、軸提示は 名詞句。一方、Conclusionでの「再提示」は 動詞句 または 名詞句のままを選べる。本論TSは 動詞句。場面ごとに同じ概念を変形できる力が、準1級スコアの核心。

4-A. 「軸」が3場面でどう変形するか（9本一覧）

年度軸 (Para1)
N 名詞句で予告		本論 TS
V 動詞句で展開		Conclusion
多くは V に変換
2023-1convenience / costleads to increased convenience / can be cost-effectiveenhance customers' experiences / reduce operating costs V
2023-2customer demand / pollutionreduce pollution / customer demand has been growingmeet new consumer demands / protect the environment V
2023-3taxes / social responsibilityare affected by its policies / strengthening social responsibility is importantbetter taxation policies / increased social responsibility N
2024-1costs / populationcan reduce costs / can help with population increaseslower living costs / feed growing populations V
2024-2career opportunities / quality of lifeopens up career opportunities / helps improve personal livesbetter chances for career advancement / an enhanced quality of life N
2024-3safety / animal welfareimportant for safety reasons / improves animal welfarenecessary from the perspective of safety / safeguards animals' well-being V
2025-1limited land / new technologylimited land space means cooperation / support development of technologylimited land space and the need for better technology N
2025-2costs / pollutioncan be cheaper / pollution must be reducedsave money / reduce dangerous pollution V
2025-3convenience / safetyoffer a new level of convenience / improve road safetymaking car travel more convenient and safer V-ing

4-B. 名詞句→動詞句 変換テンプレ（同じ概念を3形態で持つ訓練）

名詞句 N
(Para1で軸提示)		動詞句 V
(本論TS / 結論で多用)		不定詞句 to V
(due to potential to ~)		動名詞句 V-ing
(by ~ing / making ~)
convenienceenhance/improve convenience
make ~ more convenient		to enhance conveniencemaking ~ more convenient
safetyimprove safety
make ~ safer		to improve safetymaking ~ safer
costs / expensesreduce/lower costs
cut expenses		to reduce costslowering costs
pollutionreduce/cut pollutionto reduce pollutionreducing pollution
career opportunitiesopen up career opportunities
provide chances for advancement		to open up opportunitiesopening up career opportunities
quality of liferaise/improve QoL
improve people's lives		to improve QoLimproving QoL
animal welfaresafeguard animal welfare
protect animals		to safeguard welfaresafeguarding animals' well-being
customer demandmeet customer demand
fulfill needs of consumers		to meet demandmeeting consumer demands
social responsibilitystrengthen social responsibility
be socially responsible		to strengthen responsibilitybecoming socially responsible
food production / land useincrease food production
use land efficiently		to increase productionusing land for ~

4-C. 「動詞句」を「名詞句」へまとめる4手法

手法① 派生名詞化
reduce pollution V → the reduction of pollution N
improve safety V → safety improvements N
手法② 動名詞化 (V-ing)
reduce pollution → reducing pollution V-ing
※ Conclusion で "Doing so will A and B" の B 部に使える
手法③ for + 名詞 句に圧縮
"people can advance their career" → chances for career advancement
"we need better technology" → the need for better technology
手法④ 形容詞 + 名詞 で属性化
"the economy improves" → an improved economy
"people enjoy life more" → an enhanced quality of life
"policies on taxes are better" → better taxation policies

★ 練習法: 1テーマ × 3形態

ある概念（例: 環境保護）について、必ず以下3つを書けるように:
(1) 名詞句 environmental protection / environmental conservation
(2) 動詞句 protect the environment / conserve nature
(3) 動名詞 protecting the environment / conserving nature
これで Para1（名詞）→ 本論TS（動詞）→ Conclusion（動名詞 / 動詞）の循環が回せる。

5. 9エッセイ全文ラベリング

2023-1 │ Should businesses provide more online services?

テーマ: オンラインサービス拡充 / 入口③背景 / 軸: convenience / cost

Para1 In today's fast-paced digital world, I believe businesses should provide more online services. The benefits of doing so are related to convenience and cost.
Para2 (P2型 + EX) Firstly, providing more online services leads to increased convenience. For instance, online customer support provides people with the means to contact businesses whenever they have questions. This can be particularly beneficial for busy people or international customers who live in different time zones.
Para3 (P2型 + EX) Additionally, online services can be cost-effective for businesses. Moving to online digital platforms can reduce expenses and streamline operations. Selling products online, for example, can help businesses cut utility bills. Companies can also reach a wider audience and increase profits without constructing more physical stores.
Conclusion (②テンプレ型 — not only A but also B) In conclusion, businesses should provide more online services, as this will not only allow them to enhance customers' experiences but also reduce operating costs.

2023-2 │ Should companies be required to produce goods that are easy to recycle?

テーマ: リサイクル容易な製品の義務化 / 入口①直接 / 軸: customer demand / pollution

Para1 Companies should be required to produce goods that are easy to recycle. This opinion is based on the following reasons: customer demand and pollution.
Para2 (P4型) First, goods that are simple to recycle significantly reduce pollution. Not only does this reduce the carbon footprint of factories but it also leads to fewer products thrown away in landfills, where they release harmful gases. Therefore, producing such goods is a key part of companies' environmental responsibility.
Para3 (P5型 仮定で必要性) Second, customer demand for sustainable products has been growing rapidly. Consumers are increasingly aware of the impact of their purchasing decisions, and many are actively seeking out eco-friendly products. If companies do not produce goods that are easily recyclable, they will fail to fulfill the needs of this growing market of environmentally conscious consumers.
Conclusion (②テンプレ型) In conclusion, producing goods that are easily recycled should be required for companies, as this helps meet new consumer demands and protect the environment.

2023-3 │ Should the government make a greater effort to encourage young people to vote?

テーマ: 若年層投票促進 / 入口④I will explain / 軸: taxes / social responsibility

Para1 The government should make a greater effort to encourage young people to vote in elections. I will explain from the perspectives of taxes and social responsibility.
Para2 (P4型) First, young people are massively affected by its policies. The short- and long-term economic impact of these policies is a key factor in how they manage their lives. Voting, therefore, ensures young people can influence the government to make decisions regarding the revenue.
Para3 (P4型) Moreover, strengthening social responsibility in the younger generation is important for encouraging them to vote. By participating in elections, which leads to a deeper sense of duty and is important for shaping their nation's future. In turn, this helps them to become more socially responsible citizens.
Conclusion (①大局型 + considering導入) In conclusion, considering the benefits of better taxation policies for society and increased social responsibility, the government should do more to get young people to vote.

2024-1 │ Should the government encourage the use of vacant land in cities for farming?

テーマ: 都市の遊休地・農業 / 入口①直接 / 軸: costs / population

Para1 The government should encourage the use of vacant land in urban areas for farming. The reasons for this are related to costs and population.
Para2 (P1型) First, urban farming can reduce costs for urban residents. Food prices in cities can be high due to the fees required to transport produce from faraway farms. However, growing crops on urban land can bring such costs down. Fresh food can be sold locally at cheaper prices, lowering the expenses associated with urban life.
Para3 (P4型) Additionally, reusing empty land in urban areas for farming can help with population increases. As populations in such areas expand, the need for food becomes urgent. Farming in cities, thankfully, can provide a solution, as the crops cultivated can help satisfy rising food demands.
Conclusion (②テンプレ型) In conclusion, the government should ensure empty land in cities is used for farming because it can lower living costs for urban residents and feed growing city populations.

2024-2 │ Should a high salary be the top priority when searching for a job?

テーマ: 高給与の優先度 / 入口①直接 / 軸: career opportunities / quality of life

Para1 When it comes to searching for a job, a high salary should be the top priority. It offers many benefits, including better career opportunities and an improved quality of life.
Para2 (P2型) First, a high salary opens up career opportunities. High wages are considered prestigious, and people with them are more likely to receive good job offers in the future when job hunting. Additionally, receiving such offers can make it easier to negotiate a promotion within one's current company.
Para3 (P4型) Second, getting a high-paying job helps improve people's personal lives. Many of the things that people desire in life, such as nice housing and financial security, can be attained with lots of money. Having a high salary would, therefore, raise one's quality of life substantially.
Conclusion (②テンプレ型) In conclusion, a high salary should be the focus when searching for a job, as it provides better chances for career advancement and an enhanced quality of life.

2024-3 │ Should people be banned from keeping dangerous animals as pets?

テーマ: 危険動物のペット禁止 / 入口②譲歩 / 軸: safety / animal welfare

Para1 Although dangerous animals may be attractive as pets, there are too many risks. People should be banned from keeping dangerous animals as pets for reasons related to safety and animal welfare.
Para2 (P3型) First, such a ban is important for safety reasons. Even if owners take precautions, there will always be a risk that such animals may cause harm to their owners, neighbors, and even other animals. So, people should not be allowed to own such pets.
Para3 (P4型) Second, banning dangerous animals as pets improves animal welfare. Owners of such animals cannot let them roam freely, so they must be kept in enclosed spaces. However, this reduces the animals' quality of life, causing them to suffer when kept as pets.
Conclusion (②テンプレ型 — not only A but also B) In conclusion, it is best to forbid dangerous animals from being kept as pets. Doing so is not only necessary from the perspective of safety but also safeguards the animals' well-being.

2025-1 │ Should governments work together to increase global food production?

テーマ: 国際食糧生産協力 / 入口③背景 / 軸: limited land / new technology

Para1 As the global population swells, the question of whether governments should work together to increase global food production is important. I believe international cooperation is needed to address this issue and to effectively create new technology.
Para2 (P4型) First, limited land space means governments must cooperate. To meet global demand, each country should focus on foods its land is most ideally suited for producing efficiently. Through trade agreements, countries can be guaranteed enough of the foods they cannot produce themselves.
Para3 (P4型) Second, governments can support the development of new farming technology by working together. Scientists across the world have their own specialized knowledge. Cooperative research projects can significantly increase food production worldwide.
Conclusion (①大局型) In conclusion, limited land space and the need for better technology show why governments should work together to improve global food production. Such cooperation can lead to a more food-secure world for everyone.

2025-2 │ Should people in cities be required to use public transportation?

テーマ: 都市部の公共交通義務化 / 入口②譲歩 / 軸: costs / pollution

Para1 Although private vehicles are convenient, there are too many negative effects. So, people in cities should be required to use public transportation for reasons related to costs and pollution.
Para2 (P3型) First, public transportation can be much cheaper than the alternatives. However, if too many people use their own vehicles, it may be difficult to get enough fuels to maintain the services. Therefore, their use should be compulsory.
Para3 (P1型) Second, air pollution in cities must be reduced for citizens' health. Private vehicles create much of the pollution in cities, so people should be forced to use public transportation instead. Doing so will significantly reduce vehicle pollution.
Conclusion (①大局型 + ②テンプレ複合) In conclusion, for the above reasons, people in cities should be required to use public transportation. It will not be easy, but it is necessary to save money and to reduce dangerous pollution.

2025-3 │ Should self-driving cars be allowed on public roads?

テーマ: 自動運転車の公道走行 / 入口③背景 / 軸: convenience / safety

Para1 In recent years, self-driving cars have improved drastically. They should be allowed on public roads due to their potential to enhance convenience and safety.
Para2 (P4型) First, these vehicles offer a new level of convenience. By reducing the need for human control, self-driving cars free up time for people to engage in productive tasks or leisurely activities during their commutes. This, in turn, substantially improves the quality of life for people who use them, which justifies the presence of self-driving cars on public roads.
Para3 (P4型) Second, self-driving cars can significantly improve road safety. With advanced sensors, these vehicles can detect and react to obstacles more reliably than human drivers, reducing the likelihood of accidents. As they help minimize human error, they contribute to safer travel experiences.
Conclusion (①大局型) In conclusion, self-driving cars should be allowed to drive on public roads. They can have a positive impact by making car travel more convenient and safer.

6. 9本に共通する「金型フレーズ」一覧

箇所使用フレーズ機能
Para1 背景In today's fast-paced digital world, ~
In recent years, X has improved drastically
As X swells, ~		時代背景の導入
Para1 譲歩Although X may be Y, ~反対意見を先取り
Para1 軸 (N)for reasons related to A and B2軸の予告
Para1 軸 (N)It offers many benefits, including A and B2軸の予告 (positive)
Para1 軸 (V)due to their potential to A and B2軸の予告 (technology)
Para1 軸 (N)I will explain from the perspectives of A and B2軸の予告 (説明予告)
Para1 軸 (N)This opinion is based on the following reasons: A and B2軸の予告 (列挙)
Para2 開始First / Firstly, ~ can [動詞] ~主張型TS
Para3 開始Second / Additionally / Moreover, ~ helps / improves ~2点目TS
本論 具体例For instance, ~
~, for example, can ~		具体化（2023年回に多用）
本論 譲歩Even if X, there will always be ~反論先取り
本論 対比However, ~ can bring ~ down解決提示
本論 機序By [動詞ing] ~, X frees up / enables ~P4型 機序
本論 強調Not only does this A but it also B効果重ね打ち
本論 仮定If X do not ~, they will fail to ~P5型 仮定で必要性
本論 帰結This, in turn, substantially improves ~効果の言い直し
本論 帰結which justifies the presence of ~主張への接続
本論 帰結Therefore, X is a key part of ~結論的小結
結論 ②In conclusion, ~, as / because it can A and B軸restate
結論 ②Doing so is not only A but also B軸restate (強)
結論 ②~, as this will not only allow them to A but also B軸restate (allow構文)
結論 ②~, as this helps A and B軸restate (helps)
結論 ①Such ~ can lead to a more ~ world for everyone大局ビジョン
結論 ①It will not be easy, but it is necessary to A and B困難認知＋必要性
結論 ①Considering the benefits of A and B, ~ should do more to ~軸を前置して結論