名古屋大学
中文和訳問題集

Some passengers packed lunch baskets to sustain themselves during trips. Those who hadn't brought anything simply grumbled about the lack of food. As more rail lines were laid and trips grew longer, the British built a series of rail station refreshment rooms and railway hotels to provide food and accommodations for their passengers.

English refreshment stops were brief, sometimes just ten minutes. Passengers complained that they were often so rushed that the train's departure bell rang before their coffee, tea, or soup had cooled enough to sip.

The archaeological evidence allows us to construct a timeline for this human attempt at explaining and comprehending a landscape. Geology is understood through natural materials and forms, while mythology is based on literary interpretation of narratives.

We asked the person who had acted with kindness to report their own experience and predict their recipient's response. We wanted to understand how valuable people perceived these acts to be, so both the performer and recipient had to rate how "big" the act seemed. In all cases, we compared the performer's expectations of the recipient's mood with the recipient's actual experience.

Among the Greeks, it seems to have been expected that everyone ― man, woman, and child ― should be able to swim. As Plato observes in the Laws, not knowing how to swim was considered as much a sign of ignorance as not knowing how to read. Socrates put it more starkly: swimming "saves a man from death."

In both Greece and Egypt, however, swimming was not among the events at athletic games. Exactly why this would be is never stated in ancient texts, naturally; no more than we would feel compelled to justify today why typing or car driving is not in the Olympics.

Brittany Jones, a scientist at the National Marine Mammal Foundation who specializes in dolphin communication, has studied a group of eight dolphins that have been trained by the U.S. Navy. Five of the dolphins, who have lived together for 21 years, shared a group whistle, but they each kept enough distinctive characteristics to identify themselves.

Weighted blankets, which cost anywhere from $100 and up, are a sleep aid usually made in a duvet style, with the many squares throughout filled with heavy beads. These blankets weigh anywhere from 5 to 14 kg, and manufacturers generally recommend choosing one that's not more than 10 percent of your body weight, although this seems to be just a rule of thumb and not based on scientific study.

With the weighted blanket making my partner's sleep worse, I decided to give it a try myself. And while I didn't find it too heavy to curl up under, the 9-kg blanket did turn making the bed into a small strength exercise.

During the lecture the instructor presents slides, gives explanations, does demonstrations, and solves sample problems, and you take notes on the handouts. In the active-learning session, instead of doing the example problems himself, the instructor sends the class off to figure them out in small groups, wandering around to ask questions and offer tips before walking the class through the solution.

Lectures are not always the best method of learning, and they are not enough to develop students into lifelong learners. If you spend all of your school years being fed information and are never given the opportunity to challenge it, you won't develop the tools for rethinking that you need in life.

Scientists don't have a special reason to moan; in fact, it's really quite remarkable how many people are interested in subjects as blazingly irrelevant to practical life as dinosaurs, the Higgs boson and cosmology.

Darwin was perhaps the last scientist who could present his research in a way accessible to general readers. 'On the Origin of Species', which he described as 'one long argument' underpinning his theory, ranks highly as a work of literature. It changed our perception of human beings by revealing that we were an outcome of a grand evolutionary process that can be traced back to the beginning of life on Earth.

Scuba diving also has various inherently therapeutic benefits. The water offers opportunities that are not found anywhere else. Divers are touched by the pressure of the water on every inch of their body. This pressure provides a sense of weightlessness or freedom for individuals who may not have much bodily freedom in their daily lives.

One area that should be highlighted as to the benefits of the Internet is in the potential decrease in loneliness among older adults who use digital technologies. Social isolation is a major and growing problem for the elderly, as a result of higher life expectancy in old age, lower number of offspring, and changes in their patterns of living.

These startling facts ― the rapid but selective acceleration of population growth; plummeting infant mortality rates; falls in fertility; the nineteenth-century outpouring of European populations to lands beyond Europe ― are all connected.

Justice Shaw determined that this woman died last September when doctors determined her brain had irreversibly ceased to function. People need and deserve to know with simplicity, clarity and consistency when their family member is dead. At the heart of this ruling is the principle that identifying death has to be carried out in the same manner for all people in society, even if people choose to understand life in different ways.

The tragedy is that the person, their identity and their agency will never return; but without a clear and uniform definition of death, we would be unable to ever say that they have died. It is the permanent loss of the person through the irreversible loss of all brain function that we collectively define as death, and determining this is well established in science.

We all know what an egg looks like, right? Well, we might know less than we think ― bird eggs can be spheres, teardrops, squarish shapes, and anything in between. A group of scientists may have made progress in cracking the mystery behind how these different shapes emerged.

In spite of being a scientist, I strongly believe an education that fails to place a heavy emphasis on the humanities is a missed opportunity. Without a base in humanities, both the students and the democratic society these students must enter as informed citizens are denied a full view of the heritage and critical habits of mind that make civilization worth the effort.

For those of us who go to college, the four years spent there are often the sole chance we give ourselves to think deeply and broadly about our place in the world. This means students must find a balance between the real pressure to find a job and the understanding that they will not get this chance to grow intellectually, morally and spiritually again.

The firefly is one of nature's most extraordinary creatures. On warm summer evenings, as the sun dips below the horizon, these small winged insects take to the air and transform the landscape into a silent symphony of blinking lights, a sight that has captivated human audiences for centuries.

Kathrin Stanger-Hall is an associate professor who has spent several years studying the evolution of light signals in North American fireflies. Along with graduate student Sarah Sander, Stanger-Hall has made a number of discoveries about fireflies that help explain how their unique physical characteristics allow them to speak a language of light. "The fundamental drive behind all this work is to better understand how animals communicate and what evolutionary forces made them favor one method over another," Stanger-Hall said.

The meaning of a text is not simply the meanings of words in combination. Readers have to apply their knowledge of the world to a text in order to develop an understanding of that text. However, readers also have to be able to infer meanings that are not explicitly stated, but which readers can agree are available, though hidden, in the text.

The distinction between process and product is very useful for the study of reading and reading problems. The product of reading is typically what one has understood. The problem is that what one has understood may well be influenced by how the researcher has elicited the (mis)understanding. The classic case is the use of multiple-choice questions in a test of reading, where the incorrect options are intended to cause problems for the unwary reader. Had the product, the understanding, been elicited by some other means, for example, by questions requiring a two- or three-word answer, then the comprehension may have been different.

When I was growing up, my parents called me a fish. Given the choice, I would have spent more of my Minnesota summers in the water than out of it. The lakes I experienced as a child held so much wonder.

Microscopic bacteria in the water and sediment munch up that nitrogen, transforming it from a potentially problematic chemical form to a more inactive chemical form. The degree to which and the pathway by which this process happens are dependent on a variety of environmental factors. Through research, I hope to gain a better perspective on how these factors interact, with the hope of better managing the health of water bodies.

Misra found that in conversations where someone pulled out a smartphone while talking, the participants rated their conversation as less fulfilling and felt less connected to their partner than in conversations where no one pulled out a smartphone.

Kin selection theory states that if an individual cooperates with its relatives, this individual may indirectly pass on its genes to the next generation. This is now generally accepted as the main explanation behind cooperation at the family level. Cooperation, however, can be observed at a much larger scale, with large social groups working successfully together to construct and maintain a common good outside the context of breeding.

To find out how the birds work together to maintain their public good, our research team turned to sociable weavers as a model system. This small bird is extremely social and builds the largest nest of any bird ― communally housing hundreds of individuals. After detailed observations of their behaviour and tests to reveal the genetic relationships among the colony members, we found the birds contributing to thatch building did so above their own nest chamber.

Most of the authors Goldblatt translates came of age during the Cultural Revolution, when learning a foreign language ― particularly English ― was discouraged. They still do not know English especially well, so they have to trust that he will represent their work accurately.

The average run distance was 173 meters. The longest runs recorded by each cheetah ranged from 407 to 559 meters and the mean run frequency was 1.3 times per day, so, even if some hunts were missed, high speed movement only accounted for a small fraction of the 6,040 meters average daily total distance covered by the cheetahs.

"In the future, equivalent data for other wild species would enhance what we know about natural speed, agility and endurance, and provide detailed information on behavior in the wild. For example, information detailing where endangered species are commuting, hunting and resting would be invaluable when attempting to evaluate wildlife-protected areas," he said.

At the center of the nineteenth-century commercial world, Victorian London was perceived by Continental visitors as combining the extremes of urban life: it had fabulous squares and parks, yet appeared to be dominated by cold and mechanical industry. The theme of industrial modernity captured the tourist imagination, sometimes overshadowing London's monuments and cultural accomplishments.

As industrialization contributed to the death of the romantic landscape of the early nineteenth century, the idealized imagery of the sublime was replaced with rather brutal representations of urban life of the 1840s. For Continental visitors, London ultimately signified the onset of an uncertain and anxious future of steam and steel. The shock of seeing for the first time "a city of factories" no doubt prompted many to react negatively.

Despite such dark overtones, perceptions of London were not uniformly negative, and Continental visitors were often taken with specific sites. Many of the visitors under consideration here travelled to London initially without criticism in their minds, and instead mixed professional activity with personal interest. Whatever the motivation, it is clear that there existed in western Europe a certain fascination with the British capital.

Ravi Mehta, a business administration professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and two colleagues set out to explore the effect of moderate ambient noise on creative problem solving. In a series of experiments, the researchers found that a certain level of noise actually made it easier for experimental subjects to come up with clever new ideas.

Most people spend about 30 percent of their waking hours daydreaming, spacing out, drifting off, lost in thought. Yale University emeritus psychology professor Jerome Singer defines daydreaming as shifting attention away from some primary physical or mental task toward an unfolding sequence of private responses.

Most of the time when people fall into mind wandering, they are thinking about everyday concerns, such as recent encounters and items on their to-do list. More exotic daydreams in the style of James Thurber's grandiose fictional fantasist Walter Mitty are rare. Humdrum concerns figured prominently in one study that rigorously measured how much time we spend mind wandering in daily life.

We have all had the experience of "reading" a book yet absorbing nothing ― moving our eyes over the words on a page as our attention wanders and the text turns unintelligible. "People oftentimes don't realize that they're daydreaming while they're daydreaming; they lack what I call 'meta-awareness,' consciousness of what is currently going on in their minds," he says. Aimless rambling across the moors of our imaginings may lead us to stumble on ideas and associations that we may never find if we strive to seek them.

It's time to rewrite the story of how Stone Age explorers from Asia crossed over into the Americas and colonized the continents. A hoard of tools newly uncovered in Texas suggests the land was inhabited several thousand years before the reign of the Clovis culture. When the people who built the Texan tools migrated, ice sheets would have made travel by land difficult. This lends strength to the hypothesis that the Americas were colonized not by land but by sea.