北海道大学
英文和訳問題集

Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan which have experienced unchanging wages, increasing prices and economic trouble could benefit from UBI measures. [With the income gap reaching levels not seen since before the Great Depression, this proposal presents a clear solution:] providing income to all people and taxing those with a higher income to recover the costs.

[Some of us might think that having elderly family members at home is troublesome because we have to contend with the physical changes and health concerns they go through.] It is, therefore, important to recognize these issues and demonstrate understanding and compassion towards our grandparents.

The fact that everyone has to juggle so many things at once makes us concerned about strengthening our memories and multitasking powers. In addition, because people are now living longer than ever before, [many fear that we might be affected by Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia in old age, losing the intellectual ability that is so critical for surviving in the modern environment.]

They were told that their goal was to figure out a particular rule that explained this series of numbers. The actual rule used was very simple: the second number had to be larger than the first number, and the third number had to be larger than the second one. ... [The results revealed that people were 54 percent accurate on average in detecting lies, which was only a little better than guessing randomly.]

Communication by both professional and amateur news outlets allows us to absorb and reconsider a wide range of news, which we can then analyze to offer an informed and educated opinion. However, [there is an area of this type of reporting that in fact can be problematic, this being the media's habit of stereotyping certain members of society.]

Media stereotyping can have a huge impact on shaping our society, our beliefs, and our prejudices, particularly in the minds of younger people. ... [The younger generation can be affected greatly by these media representations and form an opinion about certain people that is based upon images the media create.] Thus, it can be argued that the media play a large role in the continual promotion of stereotypes.

In modern education, it has always been English that has dominated foreign language learning. To participate in the global language of business and communication, a grasp of English is seen as an essential tool for those who wish to be successful on the global stage. In more recent times, there has also been interest in both Chinese and Spanish and, at this moment, it is quite clear that it is these three languages that dominate language learning. [This is a trend that has been proved to be extremely worrying for those who have been actively promoting the teaching of native languages], particularly in schools and colleges.

[The issue of Icelandic becoming endangered is one that the academic community, as well as the government, have been quick to address]. Promoting the language, however, has been a difficult task as many younger people rely more on their English skills than they do on their native language.

A stereotype is a generally held opinion or belief by one social group, about another group, an individual, or things. ... This presents a danger since [it prevents the complete truth from coming to light.]

[It creates a set of stereotypes which is one of the root causes for discrimination or aggression towards a group of people or culture.]

[Since migration will be unavoidable even in the future, it is vital that continuous efforts are made for improving migrants' situations all over the world.] It will, undoubtedly, facilitate migrants having a productive and valuable life in their newly found homes.

[Neo, of course, takes the red pill and discovers that what he thought was real life was in fact a simulation designed by aliens to control humans.]

In 2017, economist Richard Thaler received the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in the field of "behavioral economics." [Thaler and his collaborators argued that traditional economic theories of how people behave are not fully accurate because they fail to account for how people actually behave.] They explain that traditional economic theories are based on the belief that people act "rationally" and make all of their decisions on the basis of what is best for them economically.

What do Hercule Poirot, Sherlock Holmes, and James Bond (007) all have in common? The answer is that they are famous solvers of mysteries, whose stories are relayed in thrilling action-adventure fashion. They were created respectively by Agatha Christie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and Ian Fleming. [That these authors were all themselves extraordinary figures whose colorful life-stories have been made the subject of biographies and television documentaries is perhaps not well-known.]

[What used to seem fixed and definite is being modified by changes in society and social relations.]

Heat waves are another predicted consequence of climate change. In the United States, for example, [they are believed to be the most dangerous natural disasters with more people killed than hurricanes, earthquakes, and other disasters combined].

There is also some evidence that [debating can actually strengthen your original ideas and beliefs, rather than making you question them].

She especially had a talent for explaining complex scientific concepts in simple terms. [This ability to explain things combined with her humorous personality made her a popular lecturer] as well as an entertaining and enlightening guest in television interviews.

Certainly, such individuals are considered intelligent by many because of their talent to solve difficult problems in science, engineering, and philosophy. But [is high-level ability in such areas all there is to intelligence?] A specialist in educational psychology named Howard Gardner thinks not.

Of course, education should not simply be about matching class activities to the strengths of students, but also should be about presenting students with opportunities to develop themselves. Because of this, [teachers often try to help students to develop those intelligences that they are weaker in].

The houses or streets where celebrities such as Princess Diana met tragic or violent ends often become sacred places for their fans, [as do their graves.]

[Details of traditional building styles within one particular region can vary significantly even between villages separated by only tens of kilometers.]

12,000 years is not a long time for humans to adapt to a new way of life. [Our feelings and instincts are suited to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, rather than a more settled agricultural-industrial one.] There are many material advantages to living in a city, such as a ready supply of food and water, safety from wild animals, access to a large range of medical services, and convenient transport systems.

Sashimi is a great example of this. While sashimi may be the result of several steps of preparation ― from cleaning and cutting, to a particular style of presentation ― heating is not one of these steps. [Japanese consumers take it for granted that the quality of sashimi is directly related to the fact that it is raw.] By contrast, in other cultures, the conventional belief may be that meat and fish require some sort of cooking, such as baking or frying, in order for them to be considered edible.

A European might think, ['What could be more healthy and delicious than picking an apple from the tree and eating it?'] But this way of thinking is not shared by a large number of Japanese.

For example, when he passed a mirror, he would take his comb out of his pocket to touch up his hair. But when he looked at himself in the mirror, he put his comb back quickly every time because he thought he was perfect. [It was as if no further improvement to his appearance could be made]; he was so cool that not even a single hair was ever out of place.

[It is also likely that this increase in private investment will result in a large increase in the number of skilled workers that will be required, as well as the development of new areas of research.] There could well be a lasting impact on the field of engineering.

The effects of autism are not only disabling. It is thought that [some people now considered the greatest geniuses in history would have been diagnosed as autistic had they lived in the twenty-first century], for example Newton, Mozart, and Einstein.

[Many countries in Europe that once encouraged immigration to fill labour shortages are now openly debating whether immigration should be restricted.] The problems of social tension, poverty, lack of integration, even violence and terrorism, are seen by many ordinary people to be greater than the advantages that migrants bring to the economy and society as workers, taxpayers, and contributors to national cultural life.

[Furthermore, reducing air pollution is not easy, especially in quickly developing countries, where the emphasis is on economic rather than environmental welfare]. It seems that a lot of research is needed on this issue in order to create pesticides that are not harmful to honeybees.

[The destruction that could result if Onkalo were excavated in the future is much more extreme than simply rejecting the wishes of the dead or disrespecting their beliefs]. In fact, if we don't think of the right ways to manage the problem, there may not be any humans in the future to judge whether what we did was right or wrong.