前置詞が3割
誤り50件のうち15件は前置詞の有無・選択・位置。相関語・接続詞7、be動詞5、代名詞4、関係詞2、語順3を足すと機能語が36件（72%）。
1〜2語で必ず直る
置換25・追加11・削除10・語順4。書き直しが要る誤りは0件。直す操作が思い浮かばない下線は正解ではない。
2024年度以降に集中
文法が無傷で意味だけが逆の誤りは5件（2021・2022・2024・2026）。2024年度から指示文に「文法上または内容上の誤り」と明記された。
見せ場・挿入・難熟語は素通り
倒置・強調構文・仮定法・部分否定の下線12本で誤りは1本。省略・挿入16本と見慣れない熟語・語彙19本は10年間で一度も正解になっていない。
動詞句・関係詞節・受動
正解になった場所は「動詞＋目的語・前置詞」13、関係詞節・従属節10、受動・完了6、比較・相関6。ここを先に疑う。
対象範囲と資料
- 現行形式＝各段落に5つの下線 (a)〜(e) があり、誤りを含む下線部を1つ選ぶ形式。2016年度に始まり、2018年度（整序）を除いて2026年度まで10回・50問。
- 2015・2018年度の4(A)は語句整序、2014年度以前は不要語削除など別形式のため、本ページの集計には一切含めていない。
- 本文と下線範囲は Xam 過去問データ（Word）から機械抽出し、2019年度（Xam が著作権で省略）は原本スキャンから転写、2026年度は原本PDFで下線範囲を再確認した。
- 正解は 2019・2023・2024・2026年度が東京大学公表の記号選択式解答、それ以外は Xam 収録の予備校解答。
- 「修正例」は最小の直し方を示したもので、複数の直し方がある問題は併記した。
- 指示文の変遷：2016〜17年度「誤りが一つある。誤った箇所を含む下線部を選べ」→ 2019〜23年度「誤りがある。修正が必要な下線部を選べ」→ 2024〜25年度「文法上または内容上の誤りがある」→ 2026年度「文法上または文脈上の誤りがある」。
1. 誤り50件は何だったか（年度別・段落つき）
段落全文を載せ、5本の下線を 下線、正解を 赤 で示す。「どこに引かれ、どれが正解だったか」を段落ごとに見られる。
2016年度
5問
(21) 正解 c 文法 語順 語順・熟語
Knowledge is our most important business. The success of (a)almost all our other business depends on it, but its value is not only economic. The pursuit, production, spread, application, and preservation of knowledge are the (b)central activities of a civilization. Knowledge is social memory, a connection to the past; and it is social hope, an investment in the future. The ability to create knowledge and (c)put use to it is the key characteristic of humans. It is how we (d)reproduce ourselves as social beings and how we change ― how we keep (e)our feet on the ground and our heads in the clouds.
put use to it → put it to use 争点: it / use の順（語順）熟語 put A to use「Aを活用する」。目的語 it が use の前に来る。
(22) 正解 d 文法 置換 代名詞・名詞の数
Knowledge is a form of capital (a)that is always unevenly distributed, and people who have more knowledge, or greater access to knowledge, enjoy advantages (b)over people who have less. (c)This means that knowledge stands in a close relation to power. We speak of “(d)knowledge for their own sake,” but there is nothing we learn (e)that does not put us into a different relation with the world ― usually, we hope, a better relation.
knowledge for their own sake → knowledge for its own sake 争点: their → its（代名詞）不可算・単数の knowledge を受ける所有格は its。
(23) 正解 a 文法 追加 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞
As a society, we are committed to the principle that the production of knowledge should be unrestricted and (a)access it should be universal. This is a democratic ideal. We think that where knowledge is concerned, (b)more is always better. We don’t believe that there are things that (c)we would rather not know, or things that (d)only some of us should know ― just as we don’t believe that there are points of view that should not be expressed, or citizens (e)who are too ignorant to vote.
access it should be universal → access to it should be universal 争点: to（前置詞）名詞 access は access to A。前置詞が落ちている。
(24) 正解 b 文法 追加 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
We believe that the more (a)information and ideas we produce, and the more (b)people we make them available, the better our chances of making good decisions. We therefore make a large social investment (c)in institutions whose purpose is simply the production and spread of knowledge ― that is, research and teaching. (d)We grant these institutions all kinds of protections, and we become worried, sometimes angry, when we suspect that they are not working (e)the way we want them to.
people we make them available → people to whom we make them available 争点: to whom（前置詞）make A available to B の to が関係詞節で落ちている（to whom / …available to）。
(25) 正解 a 文法 語順 相関・並列・比較・倒置
Some of our expectations about colleges and universities are unrealistic ((a)and so some are of our expectations about democracy). Teaching is a messy process, an area in which success can be hard to measure (b)or even to define. Research is messy, too. The price for every good idea or scientific claim is (c)a lot of not-so-good ones. We can’t reasonably expect that every student will be well educated, or that every piece of scholarship or research will be worthwhile. But we want to believe that the system, (d)as large and diverse as it is, is working for us and not against us, and (e)that it is enabling us to do the kind of research and teaching that we want to do.
and so some are of → and so are some of 争点: are / some の順（語順）「～もそうだ」の so ＋ be ＋ 主語 の倒置語順。
2017年度
5問
(21) 正解 d 文法 追加 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
The term “documentary” (a)emerged awkwardly out of early practice. When entrepreneurs in the late nineteenth century first began to record moving pictures of real-life events, (b)some called what they were making “documentaries.” The term did not stabilize for decades, however. Other people called their films “educationals,” “actualities,” “interest films,” (c)or perhaps referred to their subject matter ― “travel films,” for example. John Grierson, a Scot, decided to use this new form in the service of the British government and invented the term “documentary” (d)by applying to a work of the great American filmmaker Robert Flaherty. He defined documentary as the “artistic representation of actuality” ― a definition that has proven durable probably (e)because it is so very flexible.
by applying to a work → by applying it to a work 争点: it（代名詞）apply A to B。他動詞 apply の目的語 it（the term）が要る。
(22) 正解 b 文法 削除 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
Documentary film began in the last years of the nineteenth century (a)with the first films ever projected, and it can take many forms. It can be a trip to exotic lands and lifestyles, as was Nanook of the North (1922). It can be a visual poem, such as Joris Ivens’s Rain (1929) ― a story about a rainy day, (b)is set to a piece of classical music, in which the storm echoes the structure of the music. It can be (c)an artful piece of propaganda. Soviet filmmaker Dziga Vertov, who proclaimed that fiction cinema was poisonous and dying and (d)that documentary film was the future, made Man with a Movie Camera (1929) as propaganda (e)both for a political regime and for a film style.
is set to a piece of classical music → set to a piece of classical music 争点: is（be動詞・助動詞）a story about a rainy day を修飾する過去分詞 set。主節の動詞は It can be なので定形動詞 is が余分。
(23) 正解 d 文法 削除 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
What is a documentary? A simple answer might be: a movie about real life. And that is precisely the problem: documentaries are about real life; they are not real life. They are (a)not even windows onto real life. They are portraits of real life, (b)using real life as their raw material, constructed by artists and technicians who make numerous decisions about (c)what story to tell to whom and for what purpose. You might then say: a movie that does its best to represent real life and (d)that it doesn’t manipulate it. And yet, (e)there is no way to make a film without manipulating the information. Selection of topic, editing, and mixing sound are all manipulations. Broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow once said, “Anyone who believes that every individual film must represent a ‘balanced’ picture knows nothing about either balance or pictures.”
that it doesn’t manipulate it → that doesn’t manipulate it 争点: it（主語）（代名詞）関係代名詞 that が節の主語。代名詞 it を重ねない。
(24) 正解 e 文法 置換 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞
The problem of deciding how much to manipulate (a)is as old as the form. Nanook of the North is considered one of the first great documentaries, but its subjects, the Inuit, assumed roles at filmmaker Robert Flaherty’s direction, (b)much like actors in a fiction film. Flaherty asked them to (c)do things they no longer did, such as hunt for walrus* with a spear, and he (d)represented them as ignorant about things they understood. At the same time, Flaherty built his story from (e)his own experience of years into living with the Inuit, who happily participated in his project and gave him plenty of ideas for the plot.
his own experience of years into living with the Inuit → his own experience of years of living with the Inuit 争点: into → of（前置詞）years of doing「～した年月」。into では名詞句がつながらない。
(25) 正解 e 文法 追加 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
The importance of documentaries is (a)linked to a notion of the public as a social phenomenon. The philosopher John Dewey argued persuasively that the public ― so crucial to the health of a democratic society ― (b)is not just individuals added up. A public is a group of people who can act together for the public good (c)and so can challenge the deep-seated power of business and government. It is an informal body that can (d)come together in a crisis if necessary. There are as many publics as there are occasions and issues to call them forth. We can all be members of any particular public ― (e)if we have a way to communicate each other about the shared problems we face. Communication, therefore, is the soul of the public.
if we have a way to communicate each other → if we have a way to communicate with each other 争点: with（前置詞）communicate は自動詞。communicate with A。
2019年度
5問
(22) 正解 a 文法 置換 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞
The old-fashioned stereotype that women are (a)not suited by nature at mathematical study (b)suffered a major blow in 2014, when Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman to receive the Fields Medal, math’s most prestigious award. An equally important blow was struck by an Italian mathematician, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, born three hundred years ago. Agnesi was the first woman to write a mathematics textbook and to be (c)appointed to a university chair in math, (d)yet her life was marked by paradox. (e)Though brilliant, rich and famous, she eventually chose a life of poverty and service to the poor.
not suited by nature at → not suited by nature to / for 争点: at → to / for（前置詞）be suited to / for A「Aに向いている」。
(23) 正解 d 文法 削除 相関・並列・比較・倒置
Born May 16, 1718, in Milan, Agnesi was the eldest of her wealthy father’s twenty-one children. As she grew up, her talents shone, particularly in the study of languages. (a)In part to give her the best education possible, her father invited (b)leading intellectuals of the day to the family’s home. When Agnesi was nine, she repeated from memory a Latin speech, (c)likely composed by one of her tutors, in front of her father’s guests. The speech condemned the widespread prejudice against educating women in the arts and sciences, (d)which had either been grounded in the view that a life of managing a household would require no such learning. Agnesi presented a clear and convincing argument that women should be free to pursue (e)any kind of knowledge available to men.
which had either been grounded in the view → which had been grounded in the view 争点: either（相関語・接続詞）either に呼応する or が後ろにない。
(24) 正解 c 文法 置換 代名詞・名詞の数
Agnesi eventually became (a)tired of displaying her intellectual abilities in public and (b)expressed a desire to retire from the world and to (c)dedicate her to a religious life. When her father’s second wife died, however, she (d)assumed responsibility for his household and the education of her many younger brothers and sisters. Through this role, she (e)recognized the need for a comprehensive mathematics textbook to introduce Italian students to basic methods that summarized recent mathematical discoveries.
dedicate her to a religious life → dedicate herself to a religious life 争点: her → herself（代名詞）主語 she 自身を目的語にするので再帰代名詞 herself。
(25) 正解 e 文法 語順 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Agnesi found a special appeal in mathematics. Most knowledge acquired from experience, she believed, is prone to error and open to dispute. From mathematics, however, (a)come truths that are wholly certain. (b)Published in two volumes in 1748, Agnesi’s work was titled the Basic Principles of Analysis. It was composed not in Latin, (c)as was the custom for great mathematicians such as Newton and Euler, but in Italian, to (d)make it more accessible to students. Agnesi’s textbook was praised in 1749 by the French Academy: “It took much skill and good judgment to (e)reduce almost uniform methods to discoveries scattered among the works of many mathematicians very different from each other.”
reduce almost uniform methods to → reduce to almost uniform methods 争点: to の位置（reduce A to B）（前置詞）reduce A to B「AをBにまとめる」。A＝後ろの discoveries…、B＝almost uniform methods。長い目的語が後置されている。
(26) 正解 e 文法 削除 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
(a)A passionate advocate for the education of women and the poor, Agnesi believed that the natural sciences and math should play an important role in an educational curriculum. As a person of deep religious faith, however, she also believed that scientific and mathematical studies must be (b)viewed in the larger context of God’s plan for creation. When her father died in 1752, she was free to answer a religious calling and devote the rest of her life to her other great passion: service to the poor. Although few remember Agnesi today, her pioneering role in the history of mathematics serves as (c)an inspiring story of triumph over gender stereotypes. She helped to clear a path for women in math (d)for generations to follow. Agnesi excelled at math, but she also loved it, perceiving (e)in its mastery of an opportunity to serve both her fellow human beings and a higher order.
in its mastery of an opportunity → in its mastery an opportunity 争点: of（前置詞）perceive an opportunity in its mastery の語順違い。of を入れると perceive の目的語が消える。
2020年度
5問
(21) 正解 c 文法 追加 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞
Among the various elements of (a)the natural world which in fantasy fiction become invested with mysterious powers, trees and forests particularly often (b)undergo changes which elevate them from the domain of the natural into that of the super-natural. Consequently, their appearance (c)in fantastic stories lively characters and magical woodlands strengthens the charming and exotic appeal of a story. Yet it is a misunderstanding to perceive the trees and forests of fantasy (d)as hardly anything else than amusing (e)but otherwise insignificant characters.
in fantastic stories lively characters → in fantastic stories as lively characters 争点: as（前置詞）appearance … as A「Aとしての登場」。補語を導く as が落ちている。
(22) 正解 c 文法 削除 態・時制・一致
Various myths from across the world (a)include sacred trees which serve as a link between humankind and the divine. In other words, the tree was often associated with a particular god or, together with a sacred stone, it formed a place of worship, which was called a “microcosm,” because (b)its structure reflected the nature of the cosmos. As the sacred “upside-down tree,” whose roots were in the sky and branches reached the earth, it (c)was functioned also as a representation of the universe. Moreover, the location of the tree was often perceived as the ultimate center of reality, and the tree itself became a link between heaven and earth. (d)Because of its cycle of shedding and regrowing leaves, many cultures regarded the tree as symbol of life, and numerous myths (e)insisted that human life was connected to or, in fact, originated from trees and other plants.
was functioned also as a representation → functioned also as a representation 争点: was（be動詞・助動詞）function「機能する」は自動詞。受動態にできない。
(23) 正解 b 文法 置換 準動詞・分詞・品詞
While some writers of fantasy fiction use fantastic trees and forests only (a)as important elements of their world-building, numerous others have recognized (b)the potential locking in the image of myths and fairy tales. As a result, in modern fantasy, trees and forests also (c)become a vessel of the divine, a space of trial and testing, a catalyst of the hero’s physical and psychological change, and an active agent in the resolution of conflict. Moreover, they are frequently (d)presented as the last trace of myth in the modern world, and their portrayal may be (e)a metaphor through which the author intends to convey an important message about humanity’s relationship with the natural world.
the potential locking in the image → the potential locked in the image 争点: locking → locked（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））potential は「閉じ込められている」側。受動の過去分詞 locked。
(24) 正解 e 文法 置換 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
Today, many people treat our planet’s ecosystems as commodities, and (a)acknowledge only their material and practical value. Of course, forests (b)have supplied people with resources for centuries, (c)yet now, more than ever, the environment is endangered by human progress, because (d)not only does our growing population require more and more space and resources, but also we are slowly “migrating” into the cyberspace (e)where we are easy to forget about our connection with the rest of the living world.
where we are easy to forget about → where we easily forget about / where it is easy for us to forget about 争点: we are easy（形容詞・副詞の形）easy は「人が～しやすい」の意味で人を主語にできない（tough構文の誤用）。
(25) 正解 b 文法 追加 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Fortunately, fantasy fiction ― (a)the heir to the traditions of myths and fairy tales ― may still (b)remind us the spiritual value of nature. In fantasy fiction, trees and forests play vital roles and are presented as entities fundamental to the well-being of the imaginary world and its inhabitants. Staying in harmony with the natural world is (c)shown as a deeply rewarding experience, because the natural world is filled with the divine essence. Writers of fantasy fiction, such as MacDonald, Tolkien, and Lewis, (d)perceived nature religiously in their own lives and used myth to (e)convey this religious sensibility towards nature to their readers.
remind us the spiritual value of nature → remind us of the spiritual value of nature 争点: of（前置詞）remind A of B「AにBを思い出させる」。
2021年度
5問
(21) 正解 e 文脈 削除 文脈・論理
First came the dog, (a)followed by sheep and goats. Then the floodgates opened: pigs, cows, cats, horses and birds (b)made the leap. Over the past 30,000 years or so, humans have *domesticated all manner of species for food, hunting, transport, materials, to (c)control savage beasts and to (d)keep as pets. But some say that before we domesticated any of them, we first (e)had little to domesticate ourselves.
had little to domesticate ourselves → had to domesticate ourselves 争点: little（内容語（意味・程度））「まず自分自身を家畜化した」が段落の主張。little は意味を壊し、構文上も domesticate の目的語になれない。
(22) 正解 d 文法 削除 相関・並列・比較・倒置
Started by Darwin and even Aristotle, the idea of human domestication (a)has since been just that: an idea. Now, for the first time, *genetic comparisons between us and *Neanderthals suggest that we really (b)may be the puppy dogs to their savage wolves. (c)Not only could this explain some long-standing mysteries ― (d)but also including why our brains are strangely smaller than those of our Stone Age ancestors ― (e)some say it is the only way to make sense of certain twists of human evolution.
but also including why our brains are strangely smaller → including why our brains are strangely smaller 争点: but also（相関語・接続詞）Not only could this explain … に対応する but also の節がない。including は mysteries の例示。
(23) 正解 c 文法 置換 準動詞・分詞・品詞
One major insight into what happens (a)when wild beasts are domesticated comes from a remarkable experiment that began in 1959, in Soviet Siberia. There, Dmitry Belyaev (b)took relatively wild foxes from an Estonian fur farm and bred them. In each new generation, he chose the most cooperative animals and (c)encouraged them to mating. Gradually, the foxes began to behave more and more like pets. But it (d)wasn’t just their behaviour that changed. The gentler foxes also looked different. Within 10 generations, white patches started to appear on their fur. A few generations later, their ears became more folded. Eventually their skulls (e)began to shrink to a smaller size.
encouraged them to mating → encouraged them to mate 争点: mating → mate（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））encourage A to do。to 不定詞の後は原形。
(24) 正解 c 文法 置換 相関・並列・比較・倒置
These were precisely the features that Belyaev (a)was looking for. He had noticed that many domesticated mammals ― most of which (b)weren’t selectively bred, but gradually adapted to live alongside humans ― have similarities. Rabbits, dogs and pigs often have patches of white hair and folded ears, for instance, and their brains (c)are generally smaller like those of their wild relatives. Over the years, the collection of physical features associated with loss of wildness (d)has been extended to smaller teeth and shorter noses. Together, they (e)are known as the domestication syndrome.
are generally smaller like → are generally smaller than 争点: like → than（相関語・接続詞）比較級 smaller には than。
(25) 正解 d 文法 追加 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Many creatures carry aspects of the domestication syndrome, (a)including one notable species: our own. We too have relatively short faces and small teeth. Our relatively large brains (b)are smaller than those of our Neanderthal cousins ― something that (c)has puzzled many an evolutionary biologist. And like many domesticated species, young humans (d)are also programmed to learn their peers for an unusually long time. Some of these similarities between humans and domesticated animals were noted early in the 20th century, but there was no follow-up. It was only after Belyaev made public his experiments (e)that a few evolutionary biologists once more began to consider the possibility that modern humans might be a domestic version of our *extinct relatives and ancestors.
are also programmed to learn their peers → are also programmed to learn from their peers 争点: from（前置詞）learn from A「Aから学ぶ」。
2022年度
5問
(21) 正解 c 文脈 削除 文脈・論理
I learnt several things from my conversations with Ian Stephens, (a)most profoundly why the suppression of public discussion can be disastrous for a population, even helping to bring about a famine. A government that generates a disaster like this may have (b)some chance of escaping public anger if the news of (c)it is to be effectively suppressed, so that it doesn’t have to face criticism of its policy failure. That is what the British achieved, to some extent, (d)in the case of the Bengal famine. It was only after Stephens spoke up that the British Parliament had to discuss the famine and the British press demanded (e)that it be stopped immediately. It was only then that the colonial government had to take action.
it is to be effectively suppressed → it is effectively suppressed 争点: to be（be動詞・助動詞）be to do（予定・義務）は文脈に合わない。単純な受動態でよい。文法的には成立するので文脈で判断。
(22) 正解 e 文法 置換 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Public discussion clearly has (a)an important role in determining how a society performs. John Maynard Keynes’s emphasis on persuasion (b)fits in very well with John Stuart Mill’s advocacy of (c)public reasoning in good policy-making. Mill’s characterization of democracy as ‘government by discussion’ (d)belongs to the same territory. Those, incidentally, are not Mill’s exact words, but those of Walter Bagehot ― though Mill (e)had made the most for the idea to be understood.
had made the most for → had done the most for 争点: made → done（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））「～のために最も尽くした」は do the most for。make/do の使い分け。
(23) 正解 b 文法 置換 代名詞・名詞の数
Public reasoning in pursuit of better decision-making (a)has been used not just in the post-Enlightenment Western world, but (b)in other societies and at other time, too. While the Athenian origins of voting procedures are often remembered, it is important to note that the Athenians also engaged in discussion as a source of enlightenment. The idea (c)received a good deal of attention in India, too, particularly in Buddhist traditions. In the third century BC, Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor (d)who ruled over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent (and well into what is now Afghanistan), hosted the third ― and largest ― Buddhist Council in his capital city of Patna (then called Pataliputra) to settle disputes in the same way. He emphasized the contribution that open discussions could make to a better understanding of what society needed. He tried to popularize the idea by carving easily readable words on stone pillars across the country and beyond, advocating peace and tolerance as well as (e)regular and orderly public discussion to resolve differences.
in other societies and at other time, too → in other societies and at other times, too 争点: time → times（名詞の数）other ＋ 複数名詞。「他の時代にも」。
(24) 正解 d 文法 削除 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Similarly, when (a)in early seventh-century Japan the Buddhist Prince Shotoku produced the so-called ‘constitution of seventeen articles’ in AD 604, (b)he argued for the need to be better informed through consultation: ‘Decisions on important matters should not be made by one person alone. They (c)should be discussed with many.’ The idea that democracy is ‘government by discussion’ ― and not just about voting ― (d)remains as extremely relevant today. Many of the large failures of democratic governments in recent years have arisen, I would argue, (e)precisely from inadequate public discussion, rather than from any obvious institutional barrier.
remains as extremely relevant today → remains extremely relevant today 争点: as（前置詞）remain ＋ 形容詞補語。as は要らない。
(25) 正解 a 文法 置換 態・時制・一致
(a)I was interested in this question since my schooldays when my grandfather Kshiti Mohan drew my attention to Emperor Ashoka’s rulings on public arguments, but Mill and Keynes offered me a new understanding about the role of public discussion in social choice. This was not an aspect of social choice that had particular prominence in Kenneth Arrow’s thinking about the subject, (b)which influenced me so much in other ways, but I was happy that it was (c)another of the many topics in social choice theory that Piero Sraffa and I could discuss during our afternoon walks. Despite (d)Piero’s reluctance to use the term ‘social choice theory’ (which he found too technical), (e)he was influential in teaching me that discussion and persuasion are just as much a part of social choice as voting.
I was interested in this question → I have been interested in this question 争点: was → have been（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））下線の外にある since my schooldays（起点）と現在までの継続 → 現在完了。
2023年度
5問
(21) 正解 d 文法 置換 語順・熟語
Language is never neutral. There is no language which unambiguously brings peace and well-being to humankind. The choice of (a)one particular language over another might be considered more neutral (b)in a given context by certain speakers. This one language, however, could be considered (c)a politically loaded and biased choice in another context and by other speakers. (d)The English language has no exception to these social realities although (e)its often unquestioned status as a global lingua franca might make it seem to be such.
The English language has no exception → The English language is no exception 争点: has → is（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））熟語 be no exception to A「Aの例外ではない」。
(22) 正解 a 文法 追加 態・時制・一致
English as a lingua franca (a)has often portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium between people who speak a different first language. In South Africa, (b)English is far from a generally ‘neutral’ medium and I examine precisely (c)the non-neutral and ambiguous nature of the way South Africans speak, hear, write, perceive, and (d)interpret English ways of speaking in a lingua franca context. In fact, my major argument is that ambiguity is (e)the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature of English as a lingua franca in the South African context.
has often portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium → has often been portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium 争点: been（be動詞・助動詞）English は「描かれる」側。現在完了の受動態 has been portrayed。
(23) 正解 d 文法 置換 準動詞・分詞・品詞
Investigating ambivalence among English lingua franca users is an opportunity (a)to reassess how they view their linguistic and social belongings as they (b)attempt to make sense of an ever-changing world. For linguistic anthropologists (c)there is a benefit in observing these ambivalent positions and ambiguous dimensions by paying more attention to (d)inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions. Several languages have acquired lingua franca functions throughout human history and lingua francas are utilized not only in international and cross-cultural contexts (e)but within national boundaries, such as South Africa.
inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions → inconsistencies and seemingly contradictory positions 争点: seeming → seemingly（形容詞・副詞の形）形容詞 contradictory を修飾するのは副詞 seemingly。
(24) 正解 b 文法 置換 態・時制・一致
There are many different English lingua franca contexts in the world, (a)but they are all marked by various levels of competencies in the language among speakers. Language ideological frameworks position one variety, most commonly the ‘Standard’, as superior and dominant. The coexistence of such a Standard English alongside non-Standard and lingua franca forms (b)create complex power dynamics which are often racialized. We would be ignoring reality if an analysis of English lingua franca contexts (c)were to exclude interactions where monolingual native speakers interact with bilinguals and poor English speakers. My own conceptualization of lingua franca interaction (d)is, to some extent, a type of communication characterized by much sociolinguistic variation (e)which serves as the platform of interaction by a group of English speakers with diverse levels of competencies.
create complex power dynamics → creates complex power dynamics 争点: create → creates（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））主語の中心語は The coexistence（単数）。三単現の -s。
(25) 正解 b 文法 置換 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞
My argument is (a)essentially, but not only, about power and ideology because these concepts have (b)a fundamental impact to the politics of language. The various contexts in which I analyse the ambiguity of the lingua franca status of English are (c)fundamentally based on a dialogue of unequal power relations. Much of this unequal power and politics is due to the simple fact that African people (d)have been discriminated against throughout history. My argument is thus not only linguistic but also about (e)racial identity politics in its multiple forms, with a focus on English lingua franca communication.
a fundamental impact to the politics of language → a fundamental impact on the politics of language 争点: to → on（前置詞）have an impact on A。
2024年度
5問
(21) 正解 b 文法 置換 相関・並列・比較・倒置
Our perception of time is (a)anything but constant. Two new studies suggest our heartbeat can cause passing moments (b)to feel either slower and faster. The experiments, led by separate research groups, have (c)uncovered corresponding findings. Together, their work confirms that the heart’s activity influences our perception of time (d)as it passes. They show that we can’t look at the experience of time (e)in isolation from the body.
to feel either slower and faster → to feel either slower or faster 争点: and → or（相関語・接続詞）either A or B。
(22) 正解 e 文法 追加 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
In April 2023, a group of neuroscientists led by Irena Arslanova of Royal Holloway, University of London, (a)reported that time perception changes (b)with each heartbeat. In their experiment, 28 people (c)learned to distinguish the duration of (d)two visual or two auditory stimuli. For example, the study participants looked at two shapes or heard two distinct tones. One item or sound from each pair (e)presented for 200 milliseconds, and the other lasted for 400 milliseconds.
presented for 200 milliseconds → was presented for 200 milliseconds 争点: was（be動詞・助動詞）One item or sound … が主語で、述語動詞がない。「提示された」ので受動態 was presented。
(23) 正解 a 文法 置換 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
Next, people saw a new cue ― another tone or shape ― and had to estimate (a)how the presentation felt shorter or longer, using the previous pair for reference. But there was an added twist. These new sounds and shapes were (b)matched with a particular moment in the rhythm of someone’s heart rate: when the heart either contracted (the systole) or relaxed (the diastole) (c)during the heartbeat. During systole, the volunteers (d)perceived time duration to be shorter than it actually was. During diastole, (e)the exact opposite was true.
how the presentation felt shorter or longer → whether the presentation felt shorter or longer 争点: how → whether（相関語・接続詞）shorter or longer の二者択一を導く間接疑問は whether。
(24) 正解 e 文脈 置換 文脈・論理
According to Arslanova and her colleagues, the phenomenon may be (a)explained by the fact that pressure sensors in blood vessel walls send signals to the brain and affect (b)its capacity to process incoming information. (c)This increase in sensory impressions could make time feel longer. A similar finding was published in March 2023 by a group of researchers at Cornell University, who (d)focused on differences in time perception between single heartbeats. When that span is longer, they discovered, time feels slower. (e)When there is more time between two beats, time seems to move faster.
When there is more time between two beats → When there is less time between two beats 争点: more → less（内容語（意味・程度））直前の「間隔が長いほど時間は遅く感じる」と、下線の外の time seems to move faster が矛盾。下線内で直すなら more → less。
(25) 正解 e 文法 置換 相関・並列・比較・倒置
Researchers from both groups caution that those experiences are influenced by many factors, (a)including our emotion and attention. They also happen (b)at a totally different scale. As Adam K. Anderson, one of the authors of the March study, explains, however, the new work illuminates how the heart influences the experience of time as it unfolds. He confirms that how the body and brain relate is (c)of growing interest in neuroscience. “People are (d)comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does,” he says. But reversing that relationship is novel and really fascinating. “Your brain,” he adds, “might be listening to patterns in your heart to shape something (e)similarly fundamental as the passage of time.”
similarly fundamental as the passage of time → as fundamental as the passage of time 争点: similarly → as（相関語・接続詞）同等比較 as ＋ 形容詞 ＋ as。similarly … as の呼応はない。
2025年度
5問
(21) 正解 a 文法 置換 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
A practical way of conceiving rules in general is (a)to account to them as the mechanisms that create consensus among players. They are (b)the framework that is used to agree on what has happened within the game. (c)This idea, put forward by designers Vincent Baker and Emily Care Boss, (d)emerged in online discussions about creating role-playing games. These discussions also recognized the incomplete nature of rules, because (e)it is impossible to create in advance rules to cover all the situations that can emerge in play.
to account to them as the mechanisms → to account for them as the mechanisms 争点: to → for（前置詞）account for A「Aを説明する／～とみなす」。
(22) 正解 b 文法 置換 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
In some traditions of game research, (a)rules are not necessarily intended to be fully binding. In the field of operational gaming, (b)which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes such as forecasting, testing, and training, gaming is divided into two categories. In rigid-rule gaming, the rules are exactly specified, (c)possibly implemented as a computer program, and not altered after gaming starts, and “(d)every possible combination of players’ decisions is thus exactly defined.” In free-form gaming, the participants supply some of the rules, and (e)they can sometimes even invent more rules while the game is ongoing.
which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes → where / in which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes 争点: which → where（関係詞）後ろが完全な文（games are utilized …）なので関係代名詞 which は入れない。関係副詞 where。
(23) 正解 b 文法 置換 準動詞・分詞・品詞
(a)Not all constraints relating to a game need to be shared socially. Sometimes players come up with their own additional rules to make playing (b)more demanded or interested. They may come up with new goals in games that are open ended, or they may decide to make the game easier (c)and ignore some formal rules. Rules, laws, and norms obviously also exist outside of games. In social life, rules have a dual nature. As sociologist Thomas Janoski writes, “Rules are basic to group life, but (d)so is the play of power, the effort to use others to achieve ends even against opposition.” Social and societal rules are created, enforced, and violated by people, and they are connected with strategies of domination. Simultaneously, (e)rules order social reality in ways that are not about domination. Janoski argues:
more demanded or interested → more demanding or interesting 争点: demanded / interested → demanding / interesting（動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用））playing（物事）の性質は現在分詞形容詞。
(24) 正解 c 文法 追加 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語）
Rules (a)that guide people in their everyday behavior, that tell them how to till the fields or work their machines or mate or die, (b)do much more than establish and maintain patterns of hierarchy. (c)They make available people the wisdom of accumulated experience, and they secure people (d)against the totally unexpected in social encounters. They also make possible the implicit cooperation that supports social life. In the classical line of sociological thinking, (e)rules originate and persist in the effort to solve these problems of collective life.
They make available people → They make available to people 争点: to（前置詞）make O available to A。目的語 the wisdom … が長いので補語 available が前に出ている。
(25) 正解 c 文法 語順 語順・熟語
These “problems of collective life” (a)influence games, for example, through end-user license agreements and parental time limits. Additionally, gameplay (b)is also constrained by material reality. The insecure pile of sticks and the shaking human hands (c)trying to pick up them are both (d)constraints that limit player action, establishing the affordances that (e)make it possible for the player to perform meaningful game actions.
trying to pick up them → trying to pick them up 争点: them の位置（語順）句動詞 pick up の目的語が代名詞なら pick them up。
2026年度
5問
(22) 正解 b 文法 追加 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
The music is an important feature of the Nō plays, when they are completely presented. Indeed, the whole play can be more fairly compared with opera (a)than with anything else on our stage, though the “singing” is very different from ours. The songs are given with a curious voice (b)which suppressed breathing is an item of value. Other parts of the play are chanted in unison, and even the prose “words” are intoned (c)in a unique way which removes them absolutely from the realm of ordinary speaking. There are, in addition to this vocal music, four instruments, and the players of these are distinct from the chorus and (d)do not enter into its chanting at all, except sometimes with a sudden sharp Ha! or something which I confess I can only describe as being like the howl of a cat, and (e)which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music, but to reduce it.
which suppressed breathing is an item of value → in which suppressed breathing is an item of value 争点: in（前置詞）後ろが完全な文なので which だけでは節がつながらない。前置詞＋関係代名詞 in which。
(23) 正解 e 文脈 置換 文脈・論理
In a full set of musicians the first is the performer on the taiko, (a)who plays a flat drum set in a wooden stand on the floor, ornamented with a gorgeous scarlet silk tassel (b)of such size and brilliance as to lend a vivid beauty to the quiet colour scheme. The next musician is the player of the ōtsuzumi, which is a kind of elongated drum held on his knee. The kotsuzumi is (c)an hour-glass-shaped drum, which is held on the shoulder. The last musician plays the fue or flute. Most Westerners are unable to find harmony in this music. It is therefore pleasant to find Mr. Sansom saying, “(d)at times the flute strikes in with a long-drawn note that has a beautiful and moving quality of sadness.” Personally, with the exception of the sudden cries, the music appealed to me (e)as being out of tune with the pieces and as adding greatly to their charm and meaning.
as being out of tune with → as being in tune with 争点: out of → in（内容語（意味・程度））後半 adding greatly to their charm と並列なので「作品と調和して」。out of tune は矛盾。
(24) 正解 e 文法 削除 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞）
(a)The actors enter from behind the curtain at the end of the gallery leading to the stage. They move towards the stage one by one, and very slowly, (b)with long intervals between each step, (c)every motion of which has been performed for centuries. Only men act, and for the women’s parts they wear the conventional masks with the white, narrow face and the eyebrows (d)painted high up on the middle of the forehead, which is the classical standard of female beauty. Masks are also worn by those representing demons or ghosts, and these masks are much of the same design (e)as that which worn by children on the fifth of November.
as that which worn by children → as that worn by children / as that which is worn by children 争点: which（または is の追加）（関係詞）which の節に述語動詞がない。which を消して分詞の後置修飾にするか、is を足す。
(25) 正解 a 文法 置換 相関・並列・比較・倒置
There are few or no “stage properties” of any kind. Just as there is no scenery and the images of the places in which the action lies must be formed in their own minds by the spectators, (a)but there are no elaborate visual aids. (b)If the actors, for instance, have to enter a boat and be rowed across a stream, (c)they will perhaps merely step over a bamboo pole. If one of the characters has to ladle up water and offer it to a fainting warrior, (d)the whole action is accomplished with a fan. Actors have to (e)create an illusion around the accessories by their words and motions.
but there are no elaborate visual aids → so there are no elaborate visual aids 争点: but → so（相関語・接続詞）Just as ～, so ～ の呼応。逆接 but では前半とつながらない（論理関係でもある）。
(26) 正解 e 文脈 置換 文脈・論理
We (a)scarcely need to be reminded that Shakespeare’s plays were originally written for a stage (b)which had but little more in the way of properties, and that even to-day there are not a few persons who feel that Shakespeare’s finest passages (c)do not gain but actually lose by the life-like and elaborate settings of the modern stage. When (d)one hears the Nō called primitive and unsophisticated because of their absence of scenery and the child-like simplicity and artlessness of the properties, one feels it is by a critic who is confusing values. “Words which unaided can hold an audience, a drama which can paint the scene directly on the mind (e)with much intervention of the eye, is surely not rightly described as primitive.”
with much intervention of the eye → with little intervention of the eye 争点: much → little（内容語（意味・程度））「視覚に頼らず心に直接情景を描く」が段落の主張。much が意味を逆転させる。
2. 誤り50件の集計
争点になった語の種類
| 語の種類 | 件数 | 割合 | 実例（年度(段落) 争点） | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 前置詞 機能語 | 15 | 30% | 2016(23) to、2016(24) to whom、2017(24) into → of、2017(25) with、2019(22) at → to / for、2019(25) to の位置（reduce A to B）、2019(26) of、2020(21) as、2020(25) of、2021(25) from、2022(24) as、2023(25) to → on、2025(21) to → for、2025(24) to、2026(22) in | |
| 相関語・接続詞 機能語 | 7 | 14% | 2019(23) either、2021(22) but also、2021(24) like → than、2024(21) and → or、2024(23) how → whether、2024(25) similarly → as、2026(25) but → so | |
| 動詞の形（分詞・不定詞・活用） | 7 | 14% | 2020(23) locking → locked、2021(23) mating → mate、2022(22) made → done、2022(25) was → have been、2023(21) has → is、2023(24) create → creates、2025(23) demanded / interested → demanding / interesting | |
| be動詞・助動詞 機能語 | 5 | 10% | 2017(22) is、2020(22) was、2022(21) to be、2023(22) been、2024(22) was | |
| 代名詞 機能語 | 4 | 8% | 2016(22) their → its、2017(21) it、2017(23) it（主語）、2019(24) her → herself | |
| 内容語（意味・程度） | 4 | 8% | 2021(21) little、2024(24) more → less、2026(23) out of → in、2026(26) much → little | |
| 語順 機能語 | 3 | 6% | 2016(21) it / use の順、2016(25) are / some の順、2025(25) them の位置 | |
| 形容詞・副詞の形 | 2 | 4% | 2020(24) we are easy、2023(23) seeming → seemingly | |
| 関係詞 機能語 | 2 | 4% | 2025(22) which → where、2026(24) which（または is の追加） | |
| 名詞の数 | 1 | 2% | 2022(23) time → times | |
| 合計 | 50 | 100% |
前置詞・相関語・be動詞・代名詞・関係詞・語順の6つを「機能語」とすると 36件（72%）。内容語（意味・程度）が争点になったのは4件だけで、いずれも「文脈型」（下の2d）。難しい単語の意味を知らないと解けない問題は0件。
修正の操作
| 操作 | 件数 | 割合 | 実例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 置換 | 25 | 50% | 2016(22) their → its、2017(24) into → of、2019(22) at → to / for、2019(24) her → herself、2020(23) locking → locked、2020(24) we are easy、2021(23) mating → mate、2021(24) like → than、2022(22) made → done、2022(23) time → times、2022(25) was → have been、2023(21) has → is、2023(23) seeming → seemingly、2023(24) create → creates、2023(25) to → on、2024(21) and → or、2024(23) how → whether、2024(24) more → less、2024(25) similarly → as、2025(21) to → for、2025(22) which → where、2025(23) demanded / interested → demanding / interesting、2026(23) out of → in、2026(25) but → so、2026(26) much → little |
| 追加 | 11 | 22% | 2016(23) to、2016(24) to whom、2017(21) it、2017(25) with、2020(21) as、2020(25) of、2021(25) from、2023(22) been、2024(22) was、2025(24) to、2026(22) in |
| 削除 | 10 | 20% | 2017(22) is、2017(23) it（主語）、2019(23) either、2019(26) of、2020(22) was、2021(21) little、2021(22) but also、2022(21) to be、2022(24) as、2026(24) which（または is の追加） |
| 語順 | 4 | 8% | 2016(21) it / use の順、2016(25) are / some の順、2019(25) to の位置（reduce A to B）、2025(25) them の位置 |
50件すべてが1〜2語の置換・追加・削除・語順で直る。「削除」は10件で、旧形式（不要語削除）の名残というより、be動詞・相関語・前置詞の余分な1語が中心。
文法ジャンル（主分類）
| ジャンル | 件数 | 割合 | 実例 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 動詞の語法（目的語・前置詞・補語） | 10 | 20% | 2017(21) by applying to a work／2017(25) if we have a way to communicate each other／2019(25) reduce almost uniform methods to／2019(26) in its mastery of an opportunity／2020(25) remind us the spiritual value of nature／2021(25) are also programmed to learn their peers／2022(22) had made the most for／2022(24) remains as extremely relevant today／2025(21) to account to them as the mechanisms／2025(24) They make available people | |
| 節の骨格（主語・述語・関係詞） | 9 | 18% | 2016(24) people we make them available／2017(22) is set to a piece of classical music／2017(23) that it doesn’t manipulate it／2020(24) where we are easy to forget about／2024(22) presented for 200 milliseconds／2024(23) how the presentation felt shorter or longer／2025(22) which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes／2026(22) which suppressed breathing is an item of value／2026(24) as that which worn by children | |
| 相関・並列・比較・倒置 | 7 | 14% | 2016(25) and so some are of／2019(23) which had either been grounded in the view／2021(22) but also including why our brains are strangely smaller／2021(24) are generally smaller like／2024(21) to feel either slower and faster／2024(25) similarly fundamental as the passage of time／2026(25) but there are no elaborate visual aids | |
| 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞 | 5 | 10% | 2016(23) access it should be universal／2017(24) his own experience of years into living with the Inuit／2019(22) not suited by nature at／2020(21) in fantastic stories lively characters／2023(25) a fundamental impact to the politics of language | |
| 文脈・論理 | 5 | 10% | 2021(21) had little to domesticate ourselves／2022(21) it is to be effectively suppressed／2024(24) When there is more time between two beats／2026(23) as being out of tune with／2026(26) with much intervention of the eye | |
| 態・時制・一致 | 4 | 8% | 2020(22) was functioned also as a representation／2022(25) I was interested in this question／2023(22) has often portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium／2023(24) create complex power dynamics | |
| 準動詞・分詞・品詞 | 4 | 8% | 2020(23) the potential locking in the image／2021(23) encouraged them to mating／2023(23) inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions／2025(23) more demanded or interested | |
| 語順・熟語 | 3 | 6% | 2016(21) put use to it／2023(21) The English language has no exception／2025(25) trying to pick up them | |
| 代名詞・名詞の数 | 3 | 6% | 2016(22) knowledge for their own sake／2019(24) dedicate her to a religious life／2022(23) in other societies and at other time, too |
上位2つ（動詞の語法・節の骨格）で19件。「動詞は目的語と前置詞まで込みで覚える」「節ごとに主語と述語動詞を1つずつ確認し、関係詞節は独立文に戻す」の2動作で4割が拾える。時制の誤りは1件（2022 was→have been）、仮定法・関係代名詞の格・冠詞の誤りは0件。
文法型と文脈型の年度推移
| 年度 | 文法型 | 文脈型 | 文脈型の中身 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2017 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2019 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2020 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2021 | 4 | 1 | (21) had little to domesticate ourselves → had to domesticate ourselves |
| 2022 | 4 | 1 | (21) it is to be effectively suppressed → it is effectively suppressed |
| 2023 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2024 | 4 | 1 | (24) When there is more time between two beats → When there is less time between two beats |
| 2025 | 5 | 0 | |
| 2026 | 3 | 2 | (23) as being out of tune with → as being in tune with／(26) with much intervention of the eye → with little intervention of the eye |
文脈型（文法的には成立するが段落の論理・意味に反する）は2021年度が初出で、5件のうち3件が2024年度以降（2024年度1件・2026年度2件。2025年度は0）。中身は「否定・程度・方向を逆転させる1語」（little / more / out of / much）と「文脈に不要な be to」。単文だけ見て文法チェックが通っても、否定・比較の方向・因果を前後の文と照合する工程が要る。
正解の記号と下線の長さ
| 記号 | 正解回数 | 割合 | 年度(段落) |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | 8 | 16% | 2016(23)・2016(25)・2019(22)・2022(25)・2023(22)・2024(23)・2025(21)・2026(25) |
| b | 11 | 22% | 2016(24)・2017(22)・2020(23)・2020(25)・2022(23)・2023(24)・2023(25)・2024(21)・2025(22)・2025(23)・2026(22) |
| c | 9 | 18% | 2016(21)・2019(24)・2020(21)・2020(22)・2021(23)・2021(24)・2022(21)・2025(24)・2025(25) |
| d | 9 | 18% | 2016(22)・2017(21)・2017(23)・2019(23)・2021(22)・2021(25)・2022(24)・2023(21)・2023(23) |
| e | 13 | 26% | 2017(24)・2017(25)・2019(25)・2019(26)・2020(24)・2021(21)・2022(22)・2024(22)・2024(24)・2024(25)・2026(23)・2026(24)・2026(26) |
| 下線の語数 | 下線数 | うち誤り | 誤りの率（基準20%） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4語以下 | 39 | 7 | 18% |
| 5〜6語 | 126 | 25 | 20% |
| 7〜8語 | 60 | 15 | 25% |
| 9語以上 | 25 | 3 | 12% |
記号は e がやや多く a が少ないが、5択で8〜13回の幅は偶然の範囲。長さは7〜8語の下線がやや当たりやすく、9語以上は当たりにくい。誤りで最長は 2017(24) 10語、2017(25) 9語、2021(22) 9語。
3. ダミー200本はどこに引かれたか
引かれた場所の型別（誤り50本も同じ型で数えた）
下線が引かれた「場所の型」を12に分け、ダミー200本と誤り50本を同じ物差しで数えた。右端の「誤りの率」が基準の20%より高い型は先に疑う価値があり、低い型は後回しにしてよい。
| 型 | ダミー | 誤り | 下線数 | 誤りの率 | ダミー本数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 動詞の語法が正しい動詞句（動詞＋目的語・前置詞・補語） | 30 | 13 | 43 | 30% | |
| 関係詞節・that節・疑問節・従属節 | 29 | 10 | 39 | 26% | |
| 名詞・形容詞＋前置詞／数量表現が正しい句 | 25 | 5 | 30 | 17% | |
| 動詞のない短い名詞句・前置詞句 | 23 | 4 | 27 | 15% | |
| 見慣れない熟語・語彙・特殊構文 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0% | |
| 受動態・完了形（形は正しい） | 18 | 6 | 24 | 25% | |
| 省略・挿入・形式主語／目的語・代不定詞 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 0% | |
| 比較・相関・並列 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 29% | |
| 分詞・不定詞・動名詞の句 | 12 | 5 | 17 | 29% | |
| 倒置・強調構文・仮定法・部分否定（見せ場構文） | 11 | 1 | 12 | 8% | |
| 引用文の一部 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0% | |
| 内容が意外だが本文と整合 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0% | |
| 合計 | 200 | 50 | 250 | 20% |
読み方。ダミーが最も多いのは「動詞句」30本と「関係詞節・従属節」29本だが、この2つは誤りも多く（13・10本）、率は基準を上回る。つまり本命の場所には正解もダミーも両方置かれているので、「動詞句だから怪しい」ではなく、動詞句の中の前置詞・目的語・be動詞を1語ずつ点検する。
一方、省略・挿入・形式主語（16本）、見慣れない熟語・語彙・特殊構文（19本）は10年間で正解0。倒置・強調構文・仮定法・部分否定は12本中1本（2016年度の so ＋ be ＋ S の語順のみ）。「知っていれば気持ちよく見つかる型」ほどダミーである。
型別 全実例（ダミー200本）
見出しをクリックすると開く。検索窓で年度や語句で絞れる。
動詞の語法が正しい動詞句（動詞＋目的語・前置詞・補語）
30本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | d | 5 | reproduce ourselves as social beings | reproduce ourselves as ～。再帰代名詞と as が正しい |
| 2016 (24) | d | 6 | We grant these institutions all kinds | grant O O（第4文型） |
| 2017 (21) | a | 6 | emerged awkwardly out of early practice | emerge out of（自動詞＋前置詞） |
| 2017 (21) | c | 7 | or perhaps referred to their subject matter | refer to の並列 |
| 2017 (24) | d | 6 | represented them as ignorant about things | represent A as B |
| 2019 (22) | b | 4 | suffered a major blow | suffer a blow。無生物主語 |
| 2019 (24) | d | 5 | assumed responsibility for his household | assume responsibility for |
| 2019 (25) | d | 5 | make it more accessible to | make O C（make it more accessible to） |
| 2020 (22) | b | 8 | its structure reflected the nature of the cosmos | its structure reflected …。代名詞・一致 |
| 2020 (23) | c | 6 | become a vessel of the divine | become C。the divine（形容詞の名詞化） |
| 2020 (24) | a | 7 | acknowledge only their material and practical value | acknowledge O。only の位置 |
| 2020 (25) | d | 7 | perceived nature religiously in their own lives | perceive O ＋ 副詞。語順が正しい |
| 2021 (23) | b | 5 | took relatively wild foxes from | take A from B |
| 2021 (23) | e | 7 | began to shrink to a smaller size | begin to do、shrink to |
| 2021 (24) | a | 3 | was looking for | look for（過去進行形） |
| 2022 (22) | b | 5 | fits in very well with | fit in with（3語の句動詞） |
| 2022 (22) | d | 5 | belongs to the same territory | belong to |
| 2022 (24) | b | 6 | he argued for the need to | argue for |
| 2023 (22) | d | 5 | interpret English ways of speaking | 並列動詞 interpret ＋ O |
| 2023 (23) | b | 8 | attempt to make sense of an ever-changing world | attempt to do、make sense of |
| 2024 (21) | c | 3 | uncovered corresponding findings | uncover O。短い |
| 2024 (22) | c | 3 | learned to distinguish | learn to do |
| 2024 (23) | d | 10 | perceived time duration to be shorter than it actually was | perceive O to be C ＋ than it actually was（10語） |
| 2024 (24) | d | 6 | focused on differences in time perception | focus on |
| 2025 (21) | d | 6 | emerged in online discussions about creating | emerge in、about doing |
| 2025 (22) | e | 7 | they can sometimes even invent more rules | can sometimes even invent（副詞の連続） |
| 2026 (22) | d | 8 | do not enter into its chanting at all | enter into、at all |
| 2026 (25) | c | 9 | they will perhaps merely step over a bamboo pole | will perhaps merely step over（副詞の連続） |
| 2026 (25) | e | 6 | create an illusion around the accessories | create an illusion around |
| 2026 (26) | d | 8 | one hears the Nō called primitive and unsophisticated | hear O called C（知覚動詞の第5文型） |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2016(21) put use to it／2019(24) dedicate her to a religious life／2019(25) reduce almost uniform methods to／2020(25) remind us the spiritual value of nature／2021(21) had little to domesticate ourselves／2021(23) encouraged them to mating／2022(22) had made the most for／2022(24) remains as extremely relevant today／2022(25) I was interested in this question／2023(21) The English language has no exception／2023(24) create complex power dynamics／2025(21) to account to them as the mechanisms／2025(24) They make available people
関係詞節・that節・疑問節・従属節
29本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (22) | a | 5 | that is always unevenly distributed | 関係代名詞 that ＋ 受動。先行詞 capital と一致 |
| 2016 (22) | c | 5 | This means that knowledge stands | that 節。knowledge stands の単数一致 |
| 2016 (22) | e | 5 | that does not put us | nothing … that does not ～（二重否定に見える関係詞節） |
| 2016 (24) | a | 5 | information and ideas we produce | the more ＋ 名詞 ＋ 接触節（we produce） |
| 2016 (24) | c | 5 | in institutions whose purpose is | 所有格の関係代名詞 whose |
| 2016 (25) | e | 5 | that it is enabling us | that 節 ＋ 進行形。believe … and that の並列 |
| 2017 (21) | b | 6 | some called what they were making | what 節が call の目的語。call O C |
| 2017 (22) | d | 6 | that documentary film was the future | proclaimed that … and that … の並列 that |
| 2017 (24) | c | 6 | do things they no longer did | 接触節 things (that) they no longer did |
| 2020 (21) | a | 7 | the natural world which in fantasy fiction | which ＋ 挿入句（in fantasy fiction）＋ become |
| 2020 (21) | b | 5 | undergo changes which elevate them | changes which elevate them |
| 2020 (22) | a | 5 | include sacred trees which serve | trees which serve as |
| 2020 (22) | e | 7 | insisted that human life was connected to | insisted that … was connected to |
| 2020 (23) | e | 7 | a metaphor through which the author intends | 前置詞＋関係代名詞 through which |
| 2021 (23) | a | 5 | when wild beasts are domesticated | when 節 ＋ 受動 |
| 2022 (23) | d | 6 | who ruled over nearly all of | who ruled over nearly all of |
| 2022 (25) | b | 5 | which influenced me so much | 非制限用法 which ＋ so much |
| 2023 (24) | e | 7 | which serves as the platform of interaction | which serves as |
| 2024 (21) | d | 3 | as it passes | as it passes（as 節） |
| 2024 (22) | a | 4 | reported that time perception | report that 節 |
| 2024 (25) | d | 13 | comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does | 同格の that ＋ what 節（13語） |
| 2025 (21) | b | 8 | the framework that is used to agree on | the framework that is used to agree on |
| 2025 (24) | a | 7 | that guide people in their everyday behavior | 関係代名詞 that ＋ guide people in |
| 2025 (25) | d | 5 | constraints that limit player action | constraints that limit |
| 2026 (22) | c | 9 | in a unique way which removes them absolutely from | way which removes them from |
| 2026 (22) | e | 14 | which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music | which did not seem to me to add to（14語） |
| 2026 (23) | a | 13 | who plays a flat drum set in a wooden stand on the floor | who plays a drum set in …（13語） |
| 2026 (23) | c | 9 | an hour-glass-shaped drum, which is held on the shoulder | 非制限用法 which is held on |
| 2026 (24) | c | 9 | every motion of which has been performed for centuries | every motion of which ＋ 完了受動 |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2016(24) people we make them available／2017(23) that it doesn’t manipulate it／2017(25) if we have a way to communicate each other／2019(23) which had either been grounded in the view／2020(24) where we are easy to forget about／2024(23) how the presentation felt shorter or longer／2024(24) When there is more time between two beats／2025(22) which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes／2026(22) which suppressed breathing is an item of value／2026(24) as that which worn by children
名詞・形容詞＋前置詞／数量表現が正しい句
25本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | a | 5 | almost all our other business | almost all ＋ 名詞。数量表現は正しい |
| 2016 (22) | b | 5 | over people who have less | advantages over ＋ 関係詞節。比較の less も正しい |
| 2016 (23) | d | 6 | only some of us should know | only some of us ＋ should。数量詞 |
| 2016 (25) | c | 5 | a lot of not-so-good ones | a lot of ＋ 代名詞 ones |
| 2017 (23) | a | 6 | not even windows onto real life | windows onto ～。not even の強調 |
| 2017 (23) | e | 8 | there is no way to make a film | there is no way to do |
| 2019 (23) | e | 7 | any kind of knowledge available to men | any kind of ＋ available to の後置修飾 |
| 2019 (24) | a | 6 | tired of displaying her intellectual abilities | tired of doing |
| 2019 (24) | b | 6 | expressed a desire to retire from | a desire to do、retire from |
| 2019 (24) | e | 4 | recognized the need for | the need for |
| 2019 (26) | a | 4 | A passionate advocate for | advocate for。文頭の同格名詞句 |
| 2019 (26) | c | 6 | an inspiring story of triumph over | triumph over |
| 2020 (25) | a | 7 | the heir to the traditions of myths | the heir to |
| 2020 (25) | e | 6 | convey this religious sensibility towards nature | sensibility towards |
| 2022 (21) | b | 6 | some chance of escaping public anger | chance of doing |
| 2022 (22) | a | 5 | an important role in determining | role in doing |
| 2022 (23) | c | 6 | received a good deal of attention | a good deal of ＋ 不可算名詞 |
| 2022 (25) | c | 5 | another of the many topics | another of the many topics |
| 2022 (25) | d | 6 | Piero’s reluctance to use the term | reluctance to do |
| 2022 (25) | e | 6 | he was influential in teaching me | be influential in doing |
| 2023 (21) | a | 5 | one particular language over another | one … over another |
| 2023 (23) | c | 6 | there is a benefit in observing | a benefit in doing |
| 2024 (22) | d | 6 | two visual or two auditory stimuli | stimuli（複数形）＋ 並列 |
| 2024 (24) | b | 6 | its capacity to process incoming information | capacity to do |
| 2025 (22) | d | 10 | every possible combination of players’ decisions is thus exactly defined | every ＋ 単数 → is。長い主語の一致 |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2016(22) knowledge for their own sake／2016(23) access it should be universal／2017(24) his own experience of years into living with the Inuit／2019(22) not suited by nature at／2023(25) a fundamental impact to the politics of language
動詞のない短い名詞句・前置詞句
23本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | b | 5 | central activities of a civilization | 動詞を含まない名詞句 |
| 2017 (22) | c | 5 | an artful piece of propaganda | 名詞句のみ |
| 2017 (24) | b | 7 | much like actors in a fiction film | much like ～ の前置詞句 |
| 2019 (23) | b | 5 | leading intellectuals of the day | 名詞句のみ |
| 2020 (22) | d | 6 | Because of its cycle of shedding | Because of ＋ 名詞句（動名詞） |
| 2020 (23) | a | 6 | as important elements of their world-building | as ＋ 名詞句 |
| 2021 (21) | c | 3 | control savage beasts | 短い動詞句。目的の不定詞の並列 |
| 2022 (21) | d | 7 | in the case of the Bengal famine | in the case of |
| 2022 (22) | c | 5 | public reasoning in good policy-making | 名詞句のみ |
| 2022 (23) | e | 8 | regular and orderly public discussion to resolve differences | 並列形容詞の名詞句 ＋ 目的の不定詞 |
| 2022 (24) | a | 4 | in early seventh-century Japan | when (in early seventh-century Japan) の前置詞句 |
| 2022 (24) | e | 5 | precisely from inadequate public discussion | arisen … from の前置詞句 ＋ precisely |
| 2023 (21) | b | 7 | in a given context by certain speakers | in a given context by certain speakers |
| 2023 (21) | c | 6 | a politically loaded and biased choice | loaded and biased（分詞形容詞）の名詞句 |
| 2023 (21) | e | 9 | its often unquestioned status as a global lingua franca | 9語の名詞句。status as |
| 2023 (22) | c | 8 | the non-neutral and ambiguous nature of the way | 名詞句のみ |
| 2023 (25) | e | 7 | racial identity politics in its multiple forms | 名詞句 ＋ in its multiple forms |
| 2024 (21) | e | 5 | in isolation from the body | in isolation from |
| 2024 (22) | b | 3 | with each heartbeat | with each heartbeat |
| 2024 (23) | c | 3 | during the heartbeat | during the heartbeat |
| 2024 (24) | c | 5 | This increase in sensory impressions | This increase in ～（前文を受ける名詞句） |
| 2024 (25) | b | 5 | at a totally different scale | at a … scale |
| 2026 (24) | b | 6 | with long intervals between each step | with long intervals between each step |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2019(26) in its mastery of an opportunity／2020(21) in fantastic stories lively characters／2023(23) inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions／2026(26) with much intervention of the eye
見慣れない熟語・語彙・特殊構文
19本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | e | 5 | our feet on the ground | keep one’s feet on the ground（熟語） |
| 2016 (23) | c | 5 | we would rather not know | would rather not do |
| 2016 (25) | d | 7 | as large and diverse as it is | as large and diverse as it is（譲歩の as … as） |
| 2017 (21) | e | 6 | because it is so very flexible | so very ＋ 形容詞の強調 |
| 2017 (23) | c | 6 | what story to tell to whom | 疑問詞＋不定詞、to whom の前置詞残留 |
| 2020 (21) | d | 5 | as hardly anything else than | hardly anything else than |
| 2021 (21) | b | 3 | made the leap | make the leap（熟語） |
| 2021 (22) | a | 5 | has since been just that | has since been just that（since 副詞・just that） |
| 2021 (22) | b | 6 | may be the puppy dogs to | the puppy dogs to their savage wolves（比喩の名詞句＋to） |
| 2021 (25) | c | 6 | has puzzled many an evolutionary biologist | many an ＋ 単数名詞 |
| 2023 (22) | b | 8 | English is far from a generally ‘neutral’ medium | far from ＋ 名詞 |
| 2024 (21) | a | 3 | anything but constant | anything but ＝ 決して～ない |
| 2024 (25) | c | 5 | of growing interest in neuroscience | be of ＋ 抽象名詞（of growing interest） |
| 2025 (23) | e | 4 | rules order social reality | order を動詞（秩序づける）として使用 |
| 2025 (24) | d | 7 | against the totally unexpected in social encounters | the unexpected（形容詞の名詞化）、secure A against B |
| 2026 (23) | b | 11 | of such size and brilliance as to lend a vivid beauty | of such size and brilliance as to do |
| 2026 (24) | a | 7 | The actors enter from behind the curtain | from behind（二重前置詞） |
| 2026 (26) | a | 6 | scarcely need to be reminded that | scarcely ＋ need to be reminded that |
| 2026 (26) | b | 10 | which had but little more in the way of properties | but little ＝ ほとんど～ない、in the way of |
受動態・完了形（形は正しい）
18本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (25) | a | 7 | linked to a notion of the public | be linked to（受動） |
| 2019 (22) | c | 5 | appointed to a university chair | be appointed to（受動） |
| 2019 (22) | d | 6 | yet her life was marked by | be marked by（受動） |
| 2019 (26) | b | 6 | viewed in the larger context of | be viewed in（受動） |
| 2020 (23) | d | 7 | presented as the last trace of myth | be presented as（受動） |
| 2020 (24) | b | 5 | have supplied people with resources | 現在完了 ＋ supply A with B |
| 2020 (25) | c | 6 | shown as a deeply rewarding experience | be shown as（受動） |
| 2021 (24) | d | 4 | has been extended to | 完了受動 has been extended to |
| 2021 (24) | e | 3 | are known as | be known as（受動） |
| 2022 (23) | a | 5 | has been used not just | 完了受動 ＋ not just … but |
| 2022 (24) | c | 5 | should be discussed with many | be discussed with many（受動＋many の名詞用法） |
| 2023 (24) | a | 6 | but they are all marked by | be marked by ＋ all の位置 |
| 2023 (25) | c | 5 | fundamentally based on a dialogue | be based on（受動） |
| 2023 (25) | d | 4 | have been discriminated against | 完了受動 ＋ 群動詞 discriminate against |
| 2024 (23) | b | 5 | matched with a particular moment | be matched with（受動） |
| 2024 (24) | a | 4 | explained by the fact | be explained by the fact that |
| 2025 (25) | b | 6 | is also constrained by material reality | be constrained by（受動） |
| 2026 (25) | d | 8 | the whole action is accomplished with a fan | be accomplished with（受動） |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2017(22) is set to a piece of classical music／2020(22) was functioned also as a representation／2021(25) are also programmed to learn their peers／2022(21) it is to be effectively suppressed／2023(22) has often portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium／2024(22) presented for 200 milliseconds
省略・挿入・形式主語／目的語・代不定詞
16本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (24) | e | 6 | the way we want them to | 代不定詞 to（want them to work） |
| 2017 (25) | c | 4 | and so can challenge | and so can challenge（主語省略の並列） |
| 2017 (25) | d | 7 | come together in a crisis if necessary | if necessary（if it is necessary の省略） |
| 2019 (22) | e | 5 | Though brilliant, rich and famous | Though (she was) brilliant … の省略 |
| 2020 (24) | c | 5 | yet now, more than ever | yet now, more than ever（挿入） |
| 2021 (21) | d | 3 | keep as pets | to keep (them) as pets（目的語の省略） |
| 2021 (22) | e | 7 | some say it is the only way | ダッシュ挿入の後で主節が再開（some say it is …） |
| 2021 (25) | a | 4 | including one notable species | including（挿入） |
| 2022 (21) | a | 3 | most profoundly why | most profoundly (I learnt) why（省略） |
| 2023 (24) | d | 8 | is, to some extent, a type of communication | to some extent の挿入 |
| 2023 (25) | a | 8 | essentially, but not only, about power and ideology | but not only の挿入 |
| 2024 (25) | a | 5 | including our emotion and attention | including の挿入 |
| 2025 (21) | e | 10 | it is impossible to create in advance rules to cover | 形式主語 it ＋ in advance の挿入で目的語 rules が後ろに |
| 2025 (25) | a | 8 | influence games, for example, through end-user license agreements | for example の挿入 |
| 2025 (25) | e | 8 | make it possible for the player to perform | 形式目的語 it ＋ for A to do |
| 2026 (25) | b | 10 | If the actors, for instance, have to enter a boat | for instance の挿入つき if 節 |
比較・相関・並列
15本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (23) | b | 4 | more is always better | more is always better。比較級が主語 |
| 2016 (23) | e | 6 | who are too ignorant to vote | too … to 構文 |
| 2016 (25) | b | 4 | or even to define | hard to measure or even to define の並列 |
| 2017 (22) | e | 10 | both for a political regime and for a film style | both A and B |
| 2017 (24) | a | 6 | is as old as the form | as old as |
| 2020 (21) | e | 4 | but otherwise insignificant characters | amusing but otherwise insignificant の並列 |
| 2021 (24) | b | 8 | weren’t selectively bred, but gradually adapted to live | not A but B ＋ 受動／能動の切替 |
| 2021 (25) | b | 8 | are smaller than those of our Neanderthal cousins | smaller than those of |
| 2023 (22) | e | 10 | the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature | 最上級3つの並列 ＋ and yet |
| 2023 (23) | e | 4 | but within national boundaries | not only … but（also なし） |
| 2025 (23) | c | 5 | and ignore some formal rules | decide to make … and ignore の並列 |
| 2025 (24) | b | 7 | do much more than establish and maintain | do much more than ＋ 原形 |
| 2025 (24) | e | 9 | rules originate and persist in the effort to solve | originate and persist in の並列 |
| 2026 (22) | a | 7 | than with anything else on our stage | compared with … than with（比較） |
| 2026 (26) | c | 6 | do not gain but actually lose | not A but B（do not gain but actually lose） |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2021(22) but also including why our brains are strangely smaller／2021(24) are generally smaller like／2022(23) in other societies and at other time, too／2024(21) to feel either slower and faster／2024(25) similarly fundamental as the passage of time／2026(25) but there are no elaborate visual aids
分詞・不定詞・動名詞の句
12本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (22) | a | 6 | with the first films ever projected | the first films ever projected（分詞の後置修飾＋ever） |
| 2017 (23) | b | 7 | using real life as their raw material | 分詞構文 using A as B |
| 2017 (25) | b | 6 | is not just individuals added up | individuals added up（分詞の後置修飾） |
| 2019 (23) | a | 9 | In part to give her the best education possible | 目的の不定詞 ＋ the best education possible（形容詞後置） |
| 2019 (23) | c | 7 | likely composed by one of her tutors | likely composed by（分詞の後置修飾＋副詞） |
| 2019 (25) | b | 4 | Published in two volumes | Published in …（分詞構文） |
| 2019 (26) | d | 4 | for generations to follow | for generations to follow（不定詞の意味上の主語） |
| 2021 (21) | a | 5 | followed by sheep and goats | followed by（分詞構文） |
| 2023 (23) | a | 5 | to reassess how they view | opportunity to reassess how 節 |
| 2025 (21) | c | 4 | This idea, put forward | This idea, put forward by（分詞の後置修飾） |
| 2025 (22) | c | 6 | possibly implemented as a computer program | possibly implemented as（分詞の後置修飾） |
| 2026 (24) | d | 9 | painted high up on the middle of the forehead | painted high up on（分詞の後置修飾） |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2017(21) by applying to a work／2020(23) the potential locking in the image／2025(23) more demanded or interested／2025(25) trying to pick up them／2026(23) as being out of tune with
倒置・強調構文・仮定法・部分否定（見せ場構文）
11本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 (25) | a | 4 | come truths that are | From mathematics come truths（場所句の倒置） |
| 2019 (25) | c | 5 | as was the custom for | as was the custom for（擬似関係詞 as ＋ 倒置） |
| 2020 (24) | d | 7 | not only does our growing population require | not only does S V（倒置） |
| 2021 (22) | c | 5 | Not only could this explain | Not only could this explain（倒置） |
| 2021 (23) | d | 6 | wasn’t just their behaviour that changed | it wasn’t just … that changed（強調構文） |
| 2021 (25) | e | 10 | that a few evolutionary biologists once more began to consider | It was only after … that ～（強調構文の後半） |
| 2022 (21) | e | 5 | that it be stopped immediately | demanded that it be stopped（仮定法現在） |
| 2023 (24) | c | 4 | were to exclude interactions | if S were to do（仮定法未来） |
| 2025 (22) | a | 9 | rules are not necessarily intended to be fully binding | not necessarily（部分否定）＋ be intended to |
| 2025 (23) | a | 7 | Not all constraints relating to a game | Not all（部分否定）＋ relating to |
| 2025 (23) | d | 6 | so is the play of power | so is the play of power（so ＋ V ＋ S） |
同じ型で誤りだったもの：2016(25) and so some are of
引用文の一部
1本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 (23) | d | 10 | at times the flute strikes in with a long-drawn note | 引用文の冒頭。strike in with |
内容が意外だが本文と整合
1本
| 年度・段落 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 (23) | e | 5 | the exact opposite was true | 「逆が真」。直前の systole の記述と整合 |
機械的に数えた特徴と誤りの率
下線部の文字列だけから機械的に判定できる特徴で、250本の「誤りの率」を出した。基準は20%。件数が少ないものは偶然で動くので、目安として読む。
| 特徴 | 下線数 | うち誤り | 誤りの率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 前置詞で終わる | 31 | 7 | 23% |
| 代名詞を含む | 83 | 20 | 24% |
| be動詞を含む | 62 | 16 | 26% |
| 関係詞・接続詞（who/which/that/where/what/as…）を含む | 65 | 13 | 20% |
| -ing / -ed の語で始まる | 33 | 3 | 9% |
| 9語以上 | 25 | 3 | 12% |
| 4語以下 | 39 | 7 | 18% |
| 全体 | 250 | 50 | 20% |
4. 解く順番（この10回から導いた手順）
- まず前置詞。各下線の前置詞を「動詞・名詞・形容詞との結び付き」で点検する（有無・選択・位置）。50件中15件がここ。
- 次に節の骨格。関係詞節・that節を独立文に戻し、主語の重複（it / them）、述語動詞の欠落・重複（is / was / been）、関係詞の種類（which / where / in which）を見る。
- 相関・比較の相棒を探す。either → or、not only → but also、smaller → than、as → as、just as → so。片方だけが下線内にあるときは相棒が本文にあるか確認する。
- 動詞の形。to の後の原形、-ing / -ed（分詞形容詞・後置修飾）、自動詞の受動不可、三単現、since との完了形。
- 最後に意味。否定語・程度語（little / much / more / out of）と接続詞（but）が前後の文と噛み合うか。文法が全部通ったら、ここが正解。
- 後回しにしてよいもの。倒置・強調構文・仮定法・部分否定、挿入句や省略、見慣れない熟語や難語。これらは10年間でほぼダミー。