節の骨格を取る
各節の主語と定形動詞を一つずつ確認。関係詞節は独立文に戻して欠落・重複を探す。
THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO · ENGLISH ERROR DETECTION
2001–2026年度の対象100問を年度・修正方法・文法ジャンルから分析。さらに誤り指摘形式10回については、誤りでない下線200箇所も全数分類し、「どの形が正解になりやすい/なりにくいか」を正解率で示しました。各大見出しはクリックして折りたためます。
各節の主語と定形動詞を一つずつ確認。関係詞節は独立文に戻して欠落・重複を探す。
意味だけでなく、目的語・補語・前置詞を含む形で記憶する。現行形式の28%を占める。
否定、比較方向、因果・逆接を前後と照合。文法が無傷の内容矛盾は2024年度以降に3件出ている。
倒置・仮定法・完了形・凝った関係詞・12語超の長い下線・難語を含む下線は、10年間の正解になる率が20%を下回った。
誤りは全50件が1〜2語の置換・追加・削除・語順で直る。書き直しが要ると感じたらそれは正解ではない。
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 文(1) | 文法・語法 | Some of philosophers → Some philosophers |
some + 複数名詞。限定詞のない一般的な複数名詞の前に of は置かない。 |
| 文(3) | 文脈・内容 | consists not only of its history → consists only of its history |
直前の historicism の説明「哲学はその歴史にほかならない」と一致させる。余分な not を削除。 |
| 文(4) | 文法・語法 | find ourselves are compelled → find ourselves compelled |
find + O + C。目的格補語には過去分詞 compelled を置き、are は不要。 |
| 文(5) | 文法・語法 | a different in view → a different view |
名詞句 a different view の内部に前置詞 in は置かない。 |
| 文(8) | 文法・語法 | what it was meant by these answers → what was meant by these answers |
間接疑問の what が主語。重複する代名詞 it は不要。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (2) | 文法・語法 | by thinking let alone → by thinking alone |
alone は「考えるだけで」。let alone は「まして~ない」で、この構造には合わない。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | a mixed method in itself which → a mixed method in which |
前置詞+関係代名詞 in which。先行詞を受ける前に itself を重ねない。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | know for certain even if it is going to fit → know for certain if it is going to fit |
内容節を導く if の前の余分な even を削除。 |
| (6) | 文法・語法 | rotate as possible pieces → rotate possible pieces |
他動詞 rotate は目的語を直接取る。目的語の前の as は不要。 |
| (9) | 文法・語法 | the problems facing to “pure thought” → the problems facing “pure thought” |
face は他動詞。「~に直面する/~の前にある」で to を取らない。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | absorbed by and large metal sheets → absorbed by large metal sheets |
受動態の行為者・手段を表す by + 名詞句。余分な and を削除。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | prevent ice from on roads → prevent ice on roads |
prevent + O。「道路上の氷を防ぐ」であり、from は不要。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | another noticed still mysterious subject → another still mysterious subject |
another + 形容詞 + 名詞。述語動詞 noticed が名詞句内に混入している。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | reached so advanced from a state → reached so advanced a state |
so + 形容詞 + a + 単数名詞 の語順。from は不要。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | the criteria by themselves which arguments are won → the criteria by which arguments are won |
前置詞+関係代名詞 by which。再帰代名詞 themselves は不要。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | were they to explode, ... would have set off → were they to explode, ... would set off |
未来の仮定 were S to do に対応する帰結は would do。完了形は不要。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | for at least three times → at least three times |
回数を表す three times の前に期間の for は置かない。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | an information → information |
information は不可算名詞。単数不定冠詞 an を付けない。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | some of answers → some answers |
some of + 限定された名詞句 なら some of the answers。一語削除なら some answers。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | confident that it will ever be possible → confident that it will be possible |
肯定平叙文での否定極性項目 ever の不適切な使用。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | not really multilingual, but rather than monolingual → not really multilingual, but rather monolingual |
相関表現 not A but rather B。than は不要。 |
| (2) | 文脈・内容 | Today I hardly seem to have settled into ... → Today I seem to have settled into ... |
過去の「三世界に分裂した生活」と、現在の「統合された生活」の対比。hardly が文意を逆転させる。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | those ... I ... work in them → those ... I ... work in |
関係代名詞省略構文。先行詞 those を受ける目的語 them を重複させない。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | envying intensely at those monolinguals → envying intensely those monolinguals |
envy は他動詞で、目的語を直接取る。at は不要。 |
| (5) | 文脈・内容 | unaware ... that it could not be otherwise → unaware ... that it could be otherwise |
単一言語以外の生き方もあり得ることに気づいていない、という文脈。not が意味を逆転させる。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | would you have trust → would you trust |
助動詞 would + 動詞原形。完了形でないため have は不要。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | put on some degree of trust in → put some degree of trust in |
put trust in A「Aを信頼する」。on は不要。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | around all others who are unknown → around others who are unknown |
不特定の他人を表す others。all を入れると過剰で不自然。 |
| (4) | 文脈・内容 | a sea of strangers ... certain familiar individuals → ... certain individuals |
「見知らぬ人々の群れ」の中の人物を familiar とするのは文脈矛盾。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | others who will ... or other who will ... → others who will ... or who will ... |
同じ先行詞 others に対する関係節の並列。二つ目の other は不要。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | the sort of process about finding which the question ... is asked → the sort of process about which the question ... is asked |
前置詞+関係代名詞 about which。finding が構造を壊している。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | a complex event, one of which involves ... → a complex event, one which involves ... |
one は event の同格。one of which なら複数の先行詞が必要。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | bring theory and in fact into closer agreement → bring theory and fact into closer agreement |
等位接続 theory and fact の並列。片方だけに余分な in を置かない。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | some of those were previously unknown → some of those previously unknown |
前置詞 for の目的語内では過去分詞句 previously unknown を後置修飾に使う。were は不要。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | behaves ... seem very much like → behaves ... very much like |
一つの主語に定形動詞 behaves と seem を重ねない。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | Among ... was for one that ... → Among ... was one that ... |
倒置構文 Among ... was one ...。主語名詞句の前の for は不要。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | The sacrifices ... are to restore ... are almost ... → The sacrifices ... to restore ... are almost ... |
主語と述語の間に定形動詞 are を重複させない。to restore は目的を表す不定詞。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | they became consisted of ... → they consisted of ... |
consist of は状態動詞で受動形・become + 過去分詞 にしない。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | phenomena previously considered were unrelated → phenomena previously considered unrelated |
consider + O + C の受動由来の過去分詞句。補語 unrelated の前に were は不要。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | may have had been → may have been |
助動詞の完了形 may have + 過去分詞。had は重複。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | how to survive when is lost → how to survive when lost |
when (one is) lost の主語・be動詞省略。is だけを残さない。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | next to it nothing → next to nothing |
熟語 next to nothing「ほとんど何も~ない」。it は不要。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | countless of parking lots → countless parking lots |
countless は形容詞で名詞を直接修飾する。of は不要。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | you're not all about to listen → you're not about to listen |
be about to do のまとまり。間に all を入れない。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | Ever since I have survived ..., it follows that ... → Since I have survived ..., it follows that ... |
理由の since と継続期間の ever since の区別。ここは因果関係。 |
| 小問番号 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | 文法・語法 | none is ... so damaged and unstable as the family has → ... as the family |
as ... as の比較で、補語の比較対象に余分な has を置かない。 |
| (2) | 文法・語法 | the relations ... are that ... a source of unhappiness → the relations ... are ... a source of unhappiness |
be動詞の補語となる名詞句の前に that を置かない。 |
| (3) | 文法・語法 | the satisfaction for which ... capable of yielding → the satisfaction which ... capable of yielding |
be capable of doing。yield の目的語を受ける関係代名詞の前に for は不要。 |
| (4) | 文法・語法 | a very deep need for remains unfulfilled → a very deep need remains unfulfilled |
主語名詞句と述語 remains の間の余分な for を削除。 |
| (5) | 文法・語法 | any of other human being → any other human being |
any other + 単数名詞。of は不要。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | c | 文法・語法 | put use to it → put it to use |
熟語 put A to use「Aを活用する」の語順。 |
| (22) | d | 文法・語法 | knowledge for their own sake → knowledge for its own sake |
不可算名詞・単数扱いの knowledge を受ける所有格は its。 |
| (23) | a | 文法・語法 | access it should be universal → access to it should be universal |
名詞 access は access to A。前置詞が必要。 |
| (24) | b | 文法・語法 | people we make them available → people to whom we make them available |
make A available to B。関係節でも to を保持する。 |
| (25) | a | 文法・語法 | and so some are of our expectations → and so are some of our expectations |
so + be + 主語 の倒置「~もそうだ」。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | d | 文法・語法 | by applying to a work → by applying it to a work |
apply A to B。他動詞用法の目的語 it が必要。 |
| (22) | b | 文法・語法 | a story about a rainy day, is set to ... → a story about a rainy day, set to ... |
直前の名詞句 a story about a rainy day を修飾する過去分詞。主節の動詞は It can be なので、定形動詞 is が余分。(2026-08 訂正:原本スキャン照合の結果、区切りはセミコロンではなくカンマ) |
| (23) | d | 文法・語法 | a movie ... that it doesn't manipulate it → a movie ... that doesn't manipulate it |
関係代名詞 that が節の主語。代名詞 it を重複させない。 |
| (24) | e | 文法・語法 | his own experience of years into living with the Inuit → his own years of experience living with the Inuit |
years of experience doing の名詞句構造。前置詞と語順。 |
| (25) | e | 文法・語法 | communicate each other → communicate with each other |
自動詞 communicate with A。前置詞 with が必要。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (22) | a | 文法・語法 | suited by nature at mathematical study → suited by nature to/for mathematical study |
be suited to/for A の前置詞選択。 |
| (23) | d | 文法・語法 | which had either been grounded in the view ... → which had been grounded in the view ... |
either は通常 or と呼応する。対応する or がないため不要。 |
| (24) | c | 文法・語法 | dedicate her to a religious life → dedicate herself to a religious life |
主語自身を目的語にする dedicate oneself to A。再帰代名詞。 |
| (25) | e | 文法・語法 | reduce almost uniform methods to discoveries ... → reduce discoveries ... to almost uniform methods |
reduce A to B の目的語と補語の配置。 |
| (26) | e | 文法・語法 | perceiving in its mastery of an opportunity → perceiving in its mastery an opportunity |
perceive A in B の倒置的配置。opportunity の前の of は不要。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | c | 文法・語法 | their appearance in fantastic stories lively characters → their appearance in fantastic stories as lively characters |
appearance as A「Aとしての登場」。補語を導く as が必要。 |
| (22) | c | 文法・語法 | it was functioned → it functioned |
function はここでは自動詞。受動態にしない。 |
| (23) | b | 文法・語法 | the potential locking in the image → the potential locked in the image |
potential が「秘められている」ので受動の過去分詞 locked。 |
| (24) | e | 文法・語法 | where we are easy to forget → where we easily forget / where it is easy for us to forget |
easy の主語構造。人を主語にして be easy to forget とはしない。 |
| (25) | b | 文法・語法 | remind us the spiritual value of nature → remind us of the spiritual value of nature |
remind A of B「AにBを思い出させる」。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | e | 文脈・語法 | we first had little to domesticate ourselves → we first had to domesticate ourselves |
little は domesticate の目的語になれず、さらに「まず自らを家畜化した」という文意にも反する。 |
| (22) | d | 文法・語法 | Not only could this explain ... but also including why ... → Not only could this explain ... including why ... |
including ... は前の mysteries の例示。対応する節のない but also は不要。 |
| (23) | c | 文法・語法 | encouraged them to mating → encouraged them to mate |
encourage A to do。to不定詞の後は動詞原形。 |
| (24) | c | 文法・語法 | brains are generally smaller like those of ... → brains are generally smaller than those of ... |
比較級 smaller than。those は brains の代用表現。 |
| (25) | d | 文法・語法 | programmed to learn their peers → programmed to learn from their peers |
learn from A「Aから学ぶ」。前置詞 from が必要。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | c | 文脈・語法 | if the news of it is to be effectively suppressed → if the news of it is effectively suppressed |
be to do の予定・義務の意味は文脈上不要。単純な受動態でよい。 |
| (22) | e | 文法・語法 | Mill had made the most for the idea to be understood → Mill had done the most for the idea to be understood |
「~のために最も貢献する」は do the most for ...。make と do の語法。 |
| (23) | b | 文法・語法 | at other time → at other times |
other + 複数名詞。複数の他の時代を表す。 |
| (24) | d | 文法・語法 | remains as extremely relevant → remains extremely relevant |
連結動詞 remain + 形容詞補語。as は不要。 |
| (25) | a | 文法・語法 | I was interested ... since my schooldays → I have been interested ... since my schooldays |
since + 過去の起点 と現在までの継続には現在完了。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | d | 文法・語法 | The English language has no exception to ... → The English language is no exception to ... |
熟語 be no exception to A「Aの例外ではない」。 |
| (22) | a | 文法・語法 | has often portrayed as → has often been portrayed as |
現在完了の受動態 has been + 過去分詞。 |
| (23) | d | 文法・語法 | seeming contradictory positions → seemingly contradictory positions |
形容詞 contradictory を修飾するのは副詞 seemingly。 |
| (24) | b | 文法・語法 | The coexistence ... create → The coexistence ... creates |
主語の中心語 coexistence は単数。三単現の -s。 |
| (25) | b | 文法・語法 | have a fundamental impact to → have a fundamental impact on |
have an impact on A の前置詞。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | b | 文法・語法 | either slower and faster → either slower or faster |
相関接続詞 either A or B。 |
| (22) | e | 文法・語法 | One item or sound ... presented for 200 milliseconds → ... was presented for 200 milliseconds |
主語が刺激を「提示された」ので受動態。助動詞 was が必要。 |
| (23) | a | 文法・語法 | estimate how the presentation felt shorter or longer → estimate whether the presentation felt shorter or longer |
二者択一の間接疑問は whether A or B。 |
| (24) | e | 文脈・内容 | When there is more time between two beats, time seems to move faster → ... time seems to move slower |
直前の「心拍間隔が長いほど時間は遅く感じる」と矛盾。faster が内容上の誤り。 |
| (25) | e | 文法・語法 | similarly fundamental as → as fundamental as |
同等比較 as + 形容詞 + as。similarly は使わない。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | a | 文法・語法 | account to them as the mechanisms → account for them as the mechanisms |
account for A「Aを説明する/捉える」。前置詞 for。 |
| (22) | b | 文法・語法 | the field of operational gaming, which games are utilized ... → ..., where games are utilized ... |
場所・分野を先行詞とする関係副詞 where。 |
| (23) | b | 文法・語法 | make playing more demanded or interested → make playing more demanding or interesting |
物事の性質は現在分詞形容詞 demanding / interesting。 |
| (24) | c | 文法・語法 | They make available people the wisdom ... → They make the wisdom ... available to people |
make + O + C と available to A の語順。 |
| (25) | c | 文法・語法 | hands trying to pick up them → hands trying to pick them up |
句動詞 pick up の目的語が代名詞なら pick + 代名詞 + up。 |
| 小問番号 | 正解箇所 | 判定 | 誤り → 修正例 | 問われた事項・指摘 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (22) | b | 文法・語法 | a curious voice which suppressed breathing as an item of value → a curious voice in which suppressed breathing is an item of value |
関係詞節 in which ... is ...。元の文は関係節の構造が成立しない。 |
| (23) | e | 文脈・内容 | the music appealed to me as being out of tune with the pieces and as adding greatly to their charm → ... in tune with the pieces ... |
「作品と調和し、魅力を増した」という並列が自然。out of tune は後半と矛盾。 |
| (24) | e | 文法・語法 | as that which worn by children → as that worn by children / as that which is worn by children |
受動の過去分詞による後置修飾、または関係節の be が必要。 |
| (25) | a | 文脈・内容 | must be formed ... by the spectators, but there are no elaborate visual aids → ..., because/for there are no elaborate visual aids |
「視覚的補助がないため観客が心に描く」という因果関係。逆接 but は不適切。 |
| (26) | e | 文脈・内容 | paint the scene directly on the mind with much intervention of the eye → ... with little intervention of the eye |
能は視覚的装置に頼らず心に情景を描く、という段落の主張。much が意味を逆転させる。 |
各問について、意味を維持した標準的な修正のうち、中心となる操作を一つだけ数えた。文脈問題も、実際の修正操作に従って分類している。
| 修正方法 | 全100問 | うち誤り検知形式50問 | 誤り検知形式内の割合 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不要語の削除 | 60 | 10 | 20% |
| 語・語形・前置詞などの置換 | 26 | 26 | 52% |
| 必要語の追加 | 9 | 9 | 18% |
| 語順の修正 | 5 | 5 | 10% |
| 合計 | 100 | 50 | 100% |
2014年度以前の対象50問は、すべて不要語削除形式だった。誤り検知形式になった後は、置換が過半数を占め、不要語削除は20%に低下している。
一問に複数の論点がある場合は、正解を決める中心的な知識だけを「主分類」として一回計上した。
| 順位 | 主分類 | 出題回数 | 割合 | 主な内容 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 文構造・文型・関係詞 | 23 | 23% | 主語・述語の重複、O + C、関係詞、節の成立、語順 |
| 2 | 動詞の語法 | 20 | 20% | 自動詞・他動詞、目的語、動詞ごとの補語・前置詞、句動詞 |
| 3 | 並列・比較・相関・倒置 | 13 | 13% | either A or B、not only A but also B、比較、倒置、並列関係 |
| 4 | 前置詞・熟語・語句の結び付き | 10 | 10% | 固定前置詞、熟語、名詞・形容詞と前置詞の組合せ |
| 4 | 文脈・内容・論理関係 | 10 | 10% | 段落内の矛盾、因果・逆接、意味を逆転させる語 |
| 6 | 名詞・冠詞・代名詞・数・一致 | 9 | 9% | 可算・不可算、単複、代名詞、主語と動詞の一致 |
| 7 | 時制・助動詞・受動態 | 6 | 6% | 完了形、仮定法、助動詞、受動態 |
| 7 | 分詞・不定詞・形容詞・副詞の語形 | 6 | 6% | 現在分詞/過去分詞、to不定詞、品詞変換 |
| 9 | 副詞・否定・接続表現の語法 | 3 | 3% | even、ever、since / ever since など |
| 合計 | 100 | 100% |
| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 関係詞・疑問節 | 11 | 前置詞+関係代名詞、関係副詞、関係詞と代名詞の重複 |
| 主語・述語・節の骨格 | 6 | 定形動詞の重複、主語欠落、名詞句への動詞混入 |
| 目的語・補語の構造 | 5 | find O C, consider O C, make O C, easy構文 |
| 倒置・特殊語順 | 1 | 文頭要素による主語・動詞の倒置 |
| 合計 | 23 |
最多分野である。単語単体の知識より、「どれが主語で、どれが述語か」「関係詞節の中で何が欠けているか」を見抜く問題が中心となる。特に、関係詞がすでに主語・目的語の役割を果たしているのに、it や them を重ねる誤りが繰り返されている。
O + C を取る動詞を、例文単位で覚える。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 動詞+前置詞 | 8 | apply A to B, communicate with A, remind A of B, learn from A |
| 定型構文・句動詞・目的語配置 | 8 | put A to use, dedicate oneself to A, reduce A to B, pick A up |
| 自動詞・他動詞・態 | 4 | rotate A, consist of A, function, remain + C |
| 合計 | 20 |
誤り検知形式になってから最も増えた分野である。単に意味を知るだけでなく、目的語を直接取るか、どの前置詞を伴うか、受動態にできるかまで問われる。
動詞 + O + 前置詞 の形で記録する。make / do, say / tell のような基本動詞の使い分けを軽視しない。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 並列・相関表現 | 8 | not A but B, either A or B, not only A but also B |
| 比較表現 | 4 | 比較級+than、as ... as、so + 形容詞 + a + 名詞 |
| 倒置 | 1 | so + be + 主語 |
| 合計 | 13 |
離れた位置にある二要素の対応を問う。局所的には自然に見える表現でも、もう一方の並列要素と品詞・構造・意味がそろっていない場合が誤りとなる。
and / or / but の左右を同じ単位まで区切る。either, not only, as, 比較級を見たら呼応表現を探す。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 名詞・形容詞と前置詞の結び付き | 7 | access to A, suited to/for A, impact on A, appearance as A |
| 固定熟語・定型句 | 3 | let alone, next to nothing, be about to do |
| 合計 | 10 |
前置詞は意味だけから選ぶのではなく、直前の名詞・形容詞との固定的な結び付きが問われる。長文中では小さな語なので見落としやすい。
of / to / for / on を日本語訳だけで決めない。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 否定・程度・方向を逆転させる語 | 6 | not, hardly, little, out of tune, much / little |
| 前後の記述との事実矛盾 | 2 | 「strangers」と「familiar」、時間知覚の遅速 |
| 因果・逆接・助動詞的意味 | 2 | but と因果関係、文脈に不要な be to |
| 合計 | 10 |
文法的には成立するため、一文だけを見ても正解できない。特に2024~2026年度では15問中4問がこの型であり、直近では比重が高い。
| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 可算性・限定詞・単複 | 7 | information、some answers、any other + 単数名詞、other times |
| 代名詞の一致 | 1 | knowledge ... its own sake |
| 主語・動詞の一致 | 1 | The coexistence ... creates |
| 合計 | 9 |
古い不要語削除形式で比較的多かった分野である。冠詞や of を余分に挿入した誤り、単数・複数の不一致が中心となる。
some of, any of, other の後ろに必要な限定詞・数を確認する。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 助動詞・仮定法・完了形 | 3 | would do / would have done、would + 原形、may have + 過去分詞 |
| 受動態 | 2 | has been portrayed, was presented |
| 時制・継続 | 1 | since と現在完了 |
| 合計 | 6 |
出題数は多くないが、助動詞の後ろの形や受動態のbe動詞など、基本的な形を正確に確認する問題が多い。
since + 起点 を見たら完了形を候補にする。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 分詞・縮約節 | 3 | locked in, that worn by, when lost |
| 形容詞・副詞・分詞形容詞 | 2 | seemingly contradictory, demanding / interesting |
| to不定詞の動詞原形 | 1 | encourage A to mate |
| 合計 | 6 |
近年増加している。能動なら現在分詞、受動なら過去分詞という単純な判断に加え、その語が名詞・形容詞・副詞のどれとして働くかが問われる。
to が前置詞か不定詞標識かを区別する。| 小分類 | 回数 | 代表的な論点 |
|---|---|---|
| 否定極性・程度副詞 | 2 | 肯定文中の ever、余分な even |
| 時間・理由の接続表現 | 1 | since と ever since |
| 合計 | 3 |
件数は少ないが、一語だけでは文法性を判断しにくい。肯定・否定、条件、時間、理由という節全体の意味に依存する。
誤り指摘形式の10回(2016・2017・2019〜2026)では、1段落あたり5箇所に下線が引かれ、正解は1箇所だけである。つまり下線部250箇所のうち200箇所は「引かれているが誤りではない」。この200箇所を全数分類し、なぜ誤りでないのかを一件ずつ記録した。ベースラインの正解率は20%(50/250)である。
| 型 | 件数 | 割合 |
|---|---|---|
| 本命チェック項目を通過(前置詞・代名詞・語法・一致が正しい) | 52 | 26% |
| 動詞のない名詞句・前置詞句/極短句 | 35 | 18% |
| 受動態・完了形(正しい形) | 20 | 10% |
| 凝った関係詞・接触節 | 18 | 9% |
| レアイディオム・難構文 | 16 | 8% |
| 省略・挿入・代不定詞・形式主語/目的語 | 16 | 8% |
| 文法の見せ場構文(倒置・仮定法・強調構文・部分否定) | 16 | 8% |
| 比較表現 | 11 | 6% |
| 分詞構文・分詞の後置修飾 | 9 | 4% |
| 長すぎる下線(9語以上) | 4 | 2% |
| 内容が意外だが本文と整合 | 3 | 2% |
| 合計 | 200 | 100% |
各行が実際に下線が引かれた箇所である。見出しをクリックすると開く。上部の検索窓から年度や語句で絞り込める。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | a | 5 | almost all our other business | almost all + 不可算の business。数の一致は正しい |
| 2016 (21) | d | 5 | reproduce ourselves as social beings | 再帰代名詞 ourselves が主語と一致。正しい |
| 2016 (22) | c | 5 | This means that knowledge stands | knowledge stands の単数一致が正しい |
| 2016 (23) | d | 6 | only some of us should know | only some of us + should。数量詞は正しい |
| 2016 (24) | d | 6 | We grant these institutions all kinds | grant O O(第4文型)と all kinds of ~が正しい |
| 2016 (25) | e | 5 | that it is enabling us | that 節+進行形。語法・時制とも正しい |
| 2017 (21) | a | 6 | emerged awkwardly out of early practice | emerge out of(自動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2017 (21) | c | 7 | or perhaps referred to their subject matter | refer to の並列。前置詞は正しい |
| 2017 (22) | d | 6 | that documentary film was the future | proclaimed that … and that … の並列 that。正しい |
| 2017 (22) | e | 10 | both for a political regime and for a film style | both A and B。相関語句が正しく揃っている |
| 2017 (24) | d | 6 | represented them as ignorant about things | represent A as B の語法が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | a | 8 | tired of displaying her intellectual abilities in public | be tired of doing が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | b | 6 | expressed a desire to retire from | a desire to do(名詞+不定詞)が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | d | 5 | assumed responsibility for his household | responsibility for(名詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2019 (25) | d | 4 | make it more accessible | make O C(make it more accessible)が正しい |
| 2019 (26) | c | 6 | an inspiring story of triumph over | triumph over(名詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2020 (22) | b | 8 | its structure reflected the nature of the cosmos | its structure reflected …。代名詞・単数一致とも正しい |
| 2020 (24) | a | 7 | acknowledge only their material and practical value | 並列した形容詞と acknowledge の語法が正しい |
| 2020 (25) | a | 7 | the heir to the traditions of myths | the heir to(名詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2020 (25) | e | 6 | convey this religious sensibility towards nature | sensibility towards(名詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2021 (22) | b | 6 | may be the puppy dogs to | the puppy dogs to their savage wolves。対応する前置詞が正しい |
| 2021 (22) | e | 7 | some say it is the only way | 平叙文。異常なし |
| 2021 (23) | b | 5 | took relatively wild foxes from | take A from B の語法が正しい |
| 2021 (24) | b | 8 | weren’t selectively bred, but gradually adapted to live | not A but B +能動/受動の切替が正しい |
| 2022 (21) | b | 6 | some chance of escaping public anger | chance of doing(名詞+of+動名詞)が正しい |
| 2022 (22) | a | 5 | an important role in determining | role in doing が正しい |
| 2022 (22) | b | 5 | fits in very well with | fit in with(3語の句動詞)が正しい |
| 2022 (22) | d | 5 | belongs to the same territory | belong to(自動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2022 (23) | c | 6 | received a good deal of attention | a good deal of +不可算名詞が正しい |
| 2022 (23) | e | 8 | regular and orderly public discussion to resolve differences | 並列形容詞+目的の不定詞。正しい |
| 2022 (24) | b | 6 | he argued for the need to | argue for(自動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2022 (25) | c | 5 | another of the many topics | another of the many topics。代名詞が正しい |
| 2022 (25) | d | 6 | Piero’s reluctance to use the term | reluctance to do(名詞+不定詞)が正しい |
| 2022 (25) | e | 6 | he was influential in teaching me | be influential in doing が正しい |
| 2023 (21) | a | 5 | one particular language over another | one … another の呼応が正しい |
| 2023 (21) | c | 6 | a politically loaded and biased choice | loaded and biased(過去分詞の形容詞用法)が正しい |
| 2023 (22) | d | 5 | interpret English ways of speaking | 並列した動詞 interpret。正しい |
| 2023 (23) | c | 6 | there is a benefit in observing | a benefit in doing が正しい |
| 2023 (23) | e | 4 | but within national boundaries | not only … but within ~。相関語句が正しい |
| 2024 (22) | a | 4 | reported that time perception | report that 節が正しい |
| 2024 (22) | d | 6 | two visual or two auditory stimuli | stimuli(ラテン語系の複数形)が正しい |
| 2024 (24) | b | 6 | its capacity to process incoming information | capacity to do(名詞+不定詞)が正しい |
| 2024 (24) | d | 6 | focused on differences in time perception | focus on(動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2025 (21) | d | 6 | emerged in online discussions about creating | about +動名詞が正しい |
| 2025 (22) | d | 10 | every possible combination of players’ decisions is thus exactly defined | 長い主語 every possible combination … に対し is。一致が正しい |
| 2025 (22) | e | 7 | they can sometimes even invent more rules | can sometimes even invent。副詞の連続も正しい |
| 2025 (23) | c | 5 | and ignore some formal rules | 並列した動詞 ignore。正しい |
| 2025 (24) | e | 9 | rules originate and persist in the effort to solve | originate and persist in の並列が正しい |
| 2026 (24) | a | 7 | The actors enter from behind the curtain | from behind(二重前置詞)が正しい |
| 2026 (25) | c | 9 | they will perhaps merely step over a bamboo pole | will perhaps merely step over。副詞の連続も語法も正しい |
| 2026 (25) | e | 6 | create an illusion around the accessories | create an illusion around。前置詞が正しい |
| 2026 (26) | d | 5 | one hears the Nō called | hear O called C(知覚動詞の第5文型)が正しい |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | b | 5 | central activities of a civilization | 動詞を含まない名詞句。壊しようがない |
| 2016 (25) | b | 4 | or even to define | 並列された不定詞句のみ |
| 2017 (22) | c | 5 | an artful piece of propaganda | 名詞句のみ |
| 2017 (24) | b | 7 | much like actors in a fiction film | much like ~の前置詞句 |
| 2019 (22) | b | 4 | suffered a major blow | 短い動詞句。無生物主語+suffer |
| 2019 (23) | b | 5 | leading intellectuals of the day | 名詞句のみ |
| 2019 (24) | e | 4 | recognized the need for | the need for。短い |
| 2020 (21) | e | 4 | but otherwise insignificant characters | but otherwise ~の形容詞句 |
| 2020 (22) | d | 6 | Because of its cycle of shedding | Because of +動名詞の前置詞句 |
| 2020 (23) | a | 6 | as important elements of their world-building | as important elements of ~の前置詞句 |
| 2021 (21) | b | 3 | made the leap | made the leap。3語 |
| 2021 (21) | c | 3 | control savage beasts | control savage beasts。3語 |
| 2021 (21) | d | 3 | keep as pets | keep as pets(to 以下の並列・目的語の共有) |
| 2021 (24) | a | 3 | was looking for | was looking for。3語の過去進行形 |
| 2021 (24) | e | 3 | are known as | are known as。3語 |
| 2021 (25) | a | 4 | including one notable species | including ~の前置詞句 |
| 2022 (21) | a | 3 | most profoundly why | most profoundly why。3語 |
| 2022 (21) | d | 7 | in the case of the Bengal famine | in the case of ~の前置詞句 |
| 2022 (22) | c | 5 | public reasoning in good policy-making | 名詞句のみ |
| 2022 (24) | a | 4 | in early seventh-century Japan | in early seventh-century Japan の前置詞句 |
| 2022 (24) | e | 5 | precisely from inadequate public discussion | precisely from ~の前置詞句 |
| 2023 (21) | b | 7 | in a given context by certain speakers | in a given context by ~の前置詞句 |
| 2023 (21) | e | 9 | its often unquestioned status as a global lingua franca | 長い名詞句だが動詞を含まない |
| 2023 (22) | c | 8 | the non-neutral and ambiguous nature of the way | 長い名詞句 the … nature of the way |
| 2023 (25) | e | 7 | racial identity politics in its multiple forms | 名詞句のみ |
| 2024 (21) | c | 3 | uncovered corresponding findings | uncovered corresponding findings。3語 |
| 2024 (21) | d | 3 | as it passes | as it passes。3語 |
| 2024 (21) | e | 5 | in isolation from the body | in isolation from ~の前置詞句 |
| 2024 (22) | b | 3 | with each heartbeat | with each heartbeat。3語 |
| 2024 (22) | c | 3 | learned to distinguish | learned to distinguish。3語 |
| 2024 (23) | c | 3 | during the heartbeat | during the heartbeat。3語 |
| 2024 (24) | c | 5 | This increase in sensory impressions | 名詞句のみ |
| 2024 (25) | a | 5 | including our emotion and attention | including ~の前置詞句 |
| 2024 (25) | b | 5 | at a totally different scale | at a totally different scale の前置詞句 |
| 2026 (24) | b | 6 | with long intervals between each step | with long intervals between ~の前置詞句 |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (25) | a | 7 | linked to a notion of the public | 過去分詞 linked to(受動) |
| 2019 (22) | c | 7 | appointed to a university chair in math | 受動 be appointed to a chair |
| 2019 (22) | d | 6 | yet her life was marked by | 受動 be marked by |
| 2019 (26) | b | 6 | viewed in the larger context of | 受動 be viewed in the context of |
| 2020 (22) | e | 7 | insisted that human life was connected to | that 節内の受動 was connected to |
| 2020 (23) | d | 7 | presented as the last trace of myth | 受動 presented as |
| 2020 (24) | b | 5 | have supplied people with resources | have supplied people with resources(継続の現在完了+supply A with B) |
| 2020 (25) | c | 6 | shown as a deeply rewarding experience | 受動 shown as |
| 2021 (22) | a | 5 | has since been just that | has since been just that(現在完了+since) |
| 2021 (23) | a | 5 | when wild beasts are domesticated | 受動 are domesticated |
| 2021 (24) | d | 4 | has been extended to | has been extended to(完了受動) |
| 2022 (23) | a | 5 | has been used not just | has been used(完了受動) |
| 2022 (24) | c | 5 | should be discussed with many | 受動 should be discussed with |
| 2023 (24) | a | 6 | but they are all marked by | 受動 are all marked by |
| 2023 (25) | c | 5 | fundamentally based on a dialogue | 受動 based on |
| 2023 (25) | d | 4 | have been discriminated against | have been discriminated against(完了受動+群動詞の受動) |
| 2024 (23) | b | 5 | matched with a particular moment | 受動 matched with |
| 2024 (24) | a | 4 | explained by the fact | 受動 explained by the fact |
| 2025 (25) | b | 6 | is also constrained by material reality | 受動 is constrained by |
| 2026 (25) | d | 8 | the whole action is accomplished with a fan | 受動 is accomplished with |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (22) | a | 5 | that is always unevenly distributed | 関係代名詞 that +受動。先行詞 capital と一致 |
| 2016 (22) | e | 5 | that does not put us | 先行詞 nothing に対する that 節。二重否定に見える |
| 2016 (24) | a | 5 | information and ideas we produce | 接触節(関係代名詞の省略) |
| 2016 (24) | c | 5 | in institutions whose purpose is | 所有格の関係代名詞 whose |
| 2017 (21) | b | 6 | some called what they were making | 関係代名詞 what(call O C の O) |
| 2017 (24) | c | 6 | do things they no longer did | 接触節+no longer |
| 2020 (21) | a | 7 | the natural world which in fantasy fiction | 関係代名詞 which +副詞句の挿入 |
| 2020 (21) | b | 5 | undergo changes which elevate them | 関係代名詞 which elevate(先行詞は changes) |
| 2020 (22) | a | 5 | include sacred trees which serve | 関係代名詞 which serve(先行詞は trees) |
| 2020 (23) | e | 7 | a metaphor through which the author intends | 前置詞+関係代名詞 through which |
| 2022 (23) | d | 6 | who ruled over nearly all of | 関係代名詞 who + rule over |
| 2022 (25) | b | 5 | which influenced me so much | 非制限用法の関係代名詞 which |
| 2023 (24) | e | 7 | which serves as the platform of interaction | 関係代名詞 which + serve as。先行詞との対応も正しい |
| 2025 (21) | b | 8 | the framework that is used to agree on | 関係詞+受動+agree on(前置詞の残留) |
| 2025 (24) | a | 7 | that guide people in their everyday behavior | 関係代名詞 that guide |
| 2025 (25) | d | 5 | constraints that limit player action | 関係代名詞 that limit |
| 2026 (23) | c | 9 | an hour-glass-shaped drum, which is held on the shoulder | 非制限用法の which +受動 |
| 2026 (24) | c | 9 | every motion of which has been performed for centuries | every motion of which …(of which)+完了受動 |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (21) | e | 5 | our feet on the ground | keep one's feet on the ground(成句) |
| 2016 (23) | c | 5 | we would rather not know | would rather not do |
| 2016 (23) | e | 6 | who are too ignorant to vote | too ... to 構文 |
| 2017 (21) | e | 6 | because it is so very flexible | so very +形容詞の強調 |
| 2017 (23) | e | 8 | there is no way to make a film | there is no way to do |
| 2020 (21) | d | 5 | as hardly anything else than | hardly anything else than(準否定の成句) |
| 2020 (23) | c | 6 | become a vessel of the divine | the divine(the +形容詞=抽象名詞) |
| 2021 (25) | c | 6 | has puzzled many an evolutionary biologist | many an evolutionary biologist(many a +単数) |
| 2023 (22) | b | 8 | English is far from a generally ‘neutral’ medium | far from +名詞(成句) |
| 2023 (23) | b | 8 | attempt to make sense of an ever-changing world | make sense of(成句) |
| 2024 (21) | a | 3 | anything but constant | anything but =決して~でない |
| 2024 (25) | c | 5 | of growing interest in neuroscience | of growing interest = increasingly interesting(of +抽象名詞) |
| 2025 (23) | e | 4 | rules order social reality | order が動詞(名詞と誤読させる品詞の錯覚) |
| 2025 (24) | d | 7 | against the totally unexpected in social encounters | the totally unexpected(the +形容詞) |
| 2026 (23) | b | 11 | of such size and brilliance as to lend a vivid beauty | of such size and brilliance as to do(such … as to) |
| 2026 (26) | b | 10 | which had but little more in the way of properties | but little = ほとんど~ない / in the way of = ~という点で |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (24) | e | 6 | the way we want them to | 代不定詞 want them to(do の省略) |
| 2017 (23) | c | 6 | what story to tell to whom | 疑問詞+不定詞、to whom の前置詞残留 |
| 2017 (25) | d | 7 | come together in a crisis if necessary | if necessary(if it is necessary の省略) |
| 2019 (22) | e | 5 | Though brilliant, rich and famous | Though (she was) brilliant … の省略 |
| 2019 (23) | a | 9 | In part to give her the best education possible | 目的の不定詞+the best education possible(形容詞の後置) |
| 2019 (23) | e | 7 | any kind of knowledge available to men | knowledge available to men(形容詞の後置修飾) |
| 2019 (26) | a | 4 | A passionate advocate for | A passionate advocate for …(同格の名詞句) |
| 2019 (26) | d | 4 | for generations to follow | for generations to follow(不定詞の後置修飾) |
| 2023 (23) | a | 5 | to reassess how they view | 疑問詞節 how they view |
| 2023 (24) | d | 8 | is, to some extent, a type of communication | is, to some extent, … の挿入 |
| 2023 (25) | a | 8 | essentially, but not only, about power and ideology | essentially, but not only, … の挿入 |
| 2024 (25) | d | 13 | comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does | the idea that …(同格の that)+ what 節 |
| 2025 (21) | e | 10 | it is impossible to create in advance rules to cover | 形式主語 it +長い目的語の後置 |
| 2025 (25) | a | 8 | influence games, for example, through end-user license agreements | for example の挿入 |
| 2025 (25) | e | 8 | make it possible for the player to perform | make it possible for A to do(形式目的語) |
| 2026 (25) | b | 10 | If the actors, for instance, have to enter a boat | for instance の挿入つき条件節 |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (23) | a | 6 | not even windows onto real life | not even +名詞。否定副詞で目を引く |
| 2017 (25) | c | 4 | and so can challenge | and so can challenge(so +助動詞) |
| 2019 (25) | a | 4 | come truths that are | From mathematics come truths …(場所句による倒置) |
| 2019 (25) | c | 7 | as was the custom for great mathematicians | as was the custom …(擬似関係詞 as +倒置) |
| 2020 (24) | d | 7 | not only does our growing population require | not only does our growing population require(否定副詞の倒置) |
| 2021 (22) | c | 5 | Not only could this explain | Not only could this explain(倒置) |
| 2021 (23) | d | 6 | wasn’t just their behaviour that changed | it wasn't just their behaviour that changed(強調構文) |
| 2021 (25) | e | 10 | that a few evolutionary biologists once more began to consider | It was only after … that ~(強調構文の後半) |
| 2022 (21) | e | 5 | that it be stopped immediately | demanded that it be stopped(仮定法現在) |
| 2023 (24) | c | 4 | were to exclude interactions | if … were to exclude(仮定法未来) |
| 2025 (22) | a | 9 | rules are not necessarily intended to be fully binding | not necessarily(部分否定) |
| 2025 (23) | a | 7 | Not all constraints relating to a game | Not all …(部分否定)+分詞の後置修飾 |
| 2025 (23) | d | 6 | so is the play of power | so is the play of power(so + V + S の倒置) |
| 2026 (22) | d | 8 | do not enter into its chanting at all | not … at all(全否定) |
| 2026 (26) | a | 5 | scarcely need to be reminded | scarcely(準否定)+受動の不定詞 |
| 2026 (26) | c | 6 | do not gain but actually lose | not A but B(do not gain but actually lose) |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (22) | b | 5 | over people who have less | 比較 less +関係詞の二重構造 |
| 2016 (23) | b | 4 | more is always better | 比較 more is always better |
| 2016 (25) | d | 7 | as large and diverse as it is | as large and diverse as it is(譲歩の as ... as) |
| 2017 (24) | a | 6 | is as old as the form | as old as the form |
| 2020 (24) | c | 5 | yet now, more than ever | more than ever(比較の成句) |
| 2021 (23) | e | 7 | began to shrink to a smaller size | shrink to a smaller size(比較級+to) |
| 2021 (25) | b | 8 | are smaller than those of our Neanderthal cousins | smaller than those of …(those の代用も正しい) |
| 2023 (22) | e | 10 | the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature | the least … most … and yet … の3並列+最上級 |
| 2024 (23) | d | 10 | perceived time duration to be shorter than it actually was | SVOC + than it actually was |
| 2025 (24) | b | 7 | do much more than establish and maintain | do much more than +原形不定詞 |
| 2026 (22) | a | 7 | than with anything else on our stage | compared with A than with B(比較の対象を明示) |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (22) | a | 6 | with the first films ever projected | the first films ever projected(過去分詞の後置修飾) |
| 2017 (23) | b | 7 | using real life as their raw material | 分詞構文 using … |
| 2017 (25) | b | 6 | is not just individuals added up | individuals added up(分詞の後置修飾) |
| 2019 (23) | c | 7 | likely composed by one of her tutors | likely composed by …(分詞の後置修飾) |
| 2019 (25) | b | 4 | Published in two volumes | Published in two volumes(受動の分詞構文) |
| 2021 (21) | a | 5 | followed by sheep and goats | followed by …(受動の分詞構文) |
| 2025 (21) | c | 4 | This idea, put forward | This idea, put forward by …(分詞の後置修飾) |
| 2025 (22) | c | 6 | possibly implemented as a computer program | possibly implemented as …(分詞) |
| 2026 (24) | d | 9 | painted high up on the middle of the forehead | painted high up on …(分詞の後置修飾) |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 (22) | c | 14 | in a unique way which removes them absolutely from the realm of ordinary speaking | 14語。関係詞つきの長い副詞句 |
| 2026 (22) | e | 14 | which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music | 14語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | a | 13 | who plays a flat drum set in a wooden stand on the floor | 13語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | d | 19 | "at times the flute strikes in with a long-drawn note that has a beautiful and moving quality of sadness." | 19語。引用文まるごと。全250箇所で最長 |
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 誤りでない理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (25) | c | 5 | a lot of not-so-good ones | 「良い着想の代償は大量の凡案」=意外だが本文の論旨どおり |
| 2020 (25) | d | 7 | perceived nature religiously in their own lives | 「自然を宗教的に捉えた」=意外だが本文の主張そのもの |
| 2024 (23) | e | 5 | the exact opposite was true | the exact opposite was true。意外だが直前の記述と整合 |
誤り指摘形式では1段落に5箇所の下線が引かれ、正解はそのうち1箇所である。10回分で下線は250箇所、正解は50箇所。したがって何も考えずに1つ選んだときの的中率=20.0%が基準になる。この章では「下線部が○○という形をしているとき、それが正解だった割合」を出し、20%より低ければ後回しにしてよい形、20%より高ければ先に疑う価値のある形として整理する。
一方、次の3つは250箇所すべてを数えた確定した事実であり、推測ではない。こちらは安心して使える。
tune の2,963位。語彙力を問う誤りは1件もない。下線がこの形をしていたとき、それが正解だった割合。数字が小さいほど「後回しでよい」形である。
| 下線部の特徴 | 該当 | うち正解 | 正答率 | 偶然でこうなる確率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4語以下 | 41 | 8 | 19.5% | 0.56 |
| 5〜6語 | 121 | 23 | 19.0% | 0.45 |
| 比較語を含む | 17 | 3 | 17.6% | 0.55 |
| 前置詞で終わる | 23 | 4 | 17.4% | 0.50 |
| -ed で終わる語を含む | 75 | 12 | 16.0% | 0.24 |
| 関係詞を含む | 40 | 6 | 15.0% | 0.29 |
| 動詞で始まる | 54 | 8 | 14.8% | 0.22 |
| 数量詞(all/some/many/much/little/few…)を含む | 28 | 4 | 14.3% | 0.31 |
| 6000位より低頻度の内容語を含む | 28 | 4 | 14.3% | 0.31 |
| be動詞なしで -ed 語を含む | 48 | 6 | 12.5% | 0.13 |
| 9語以上 | 25 | 3 | 12.0% | 0.23 |
| 助動詞を含む | 10 | 1 | 10.0% | 0.38 |
| 分詞で始まる(-ed / -ing) | 34 | 3 | 8.8% | 0.07 |
| 倒置・強調構文の合図で始まる | 7 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.21 |
| 12語以上 | 5 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.33 |
| 全体(ベースライン) | 250 | 50 | 20.0% | ― |
方向としては一貫している。長い下線・分詞で始まる下線・関係詞を含む下線・難語を含む下線は、いずれも正解になる率が20%を下回った。とくに9語以上は25箇所で3件(12.0%)、12語以上は5箇所すべてが不正解だった。ただし前述のとおり、どれも「偶然でも起こりうる」範囲を出ていない点は割り引いて読む必要がある。
逆に、先に疑う価値がある形。ここに並ぶのは機能語(前置詞・代名詞・be動詞・相関語)を含む下線で、誤り50件の争点が72%まで機能語だったという事実と方向が一致する。
| 下線部の特徴 | 該当 | うち正解 | 正答率 | 偶然でこうなる確率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| either / neither / both / not only を含む | 6 | 2 | 33.3% | 0.34 |
| 内容語+前置詞 と 代名詞 の両方を含む | 37 | 11 | 29.7% | 0.10 |
| 前置詞で始まる | 33 | 9 | 27.3% | 0.20 |
| to を含む | 55 | 15 | 27.3% | 0.12 |
| 代名詞を含む | 71 | 19 | 26.8% | 0.10 |
| 7〜8語 | 63 | 16 | 25.4% | 0.18 |
| 内容語が2語以下 | 79 | 20 | 25.3% | 0.15 |
| be動詞を含む | 61 | 15 | 24.6% | 0.23 |
| and / or を含む | 27 | 6 | 22.2% | 0.46 |
| 代名詞で始まる | 14 | 3 | 21.4% | 0.55 |
| -ing で終わる語を含む | 43 | 9 | 20.9% | 0.50 |
| 全体(ベースライン) | 250 | 50 | 20.0% | ― |
最も高かったのは either / neither / both / not only を含む下線の33.3%だが、これは6箇所しかなく参考値である。実用上は「内容語+前置詞の並びと代名詞の両方を含む」29.7%(37箇所中11件)、to を含む 27.3%(55箇所中15件)、代名詞を含む 26.8%(71箇所中19件)あたりが、件数と数字のバランスが取れている。いずれも「偶然でこうなる確率」が0.10〜0.12で、この表のなかでは相対的に信用できる部類である。
9語以上の下線は25箇所中 正解3件=正解になる率12.0%で、全体の20.0%を下回る。とくに12語以上は5件すべてダミーで、10年間で一度も正解になっていない。長い下線は文の骨格を読ませる足場として置かれている可能性が高い。なお正解になった3件はいずれも9〜10語で、誤りは末尾または途中の1語だった。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (22) | e | 10 | both for a political regime and for a film style | ダミー both A and B。相関語句が正しく揃っている |
| 2017 (24) | e | 10 | his own experience of years into living with the Inuit | 誤り of years into living → of years of living |
| 2017 (25) | e | 9 | if we have a way to communicate each other | 誤り communicate each other → communicate with each other |
| 2019 (23) | a | 9 | In part to give her the best education possible | ダミー 目的の不定詞+the best education possible(形容詞の後置) |
| 2021 (22) | d | 9 | but also including why our brains are strangely smaller | 誤り but also including why … → including why … |
| 2021 (25) | e | 10 | that a few evolutionary biologists once more began to consider | ダミー It was only after … that ~(強調構文の後半) |
| 2023 (21) | e | 9 | its often unquestioned status as a global lingua franca | ダミー 長い名詞句だが動詞を含まない |
| 2023 (22) | e | 10 | the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature | ダミー the least … most … and yet … の3並列+最上級 |
| 2024 (23) | d | 10 | perceived time duration to be shorter than it actually was | ダミー SVOC + than it actually was |
| 2024 (25) | d | 13 | comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does | ダミー the idea that …(同格の that)+ what 節 |
| 2025 (21) | e | 10 | it is impossible to create in advance rules to cover | ダミー 形式主語 it +長い目的語の後置 |
| 2025 (22) | a | 9 | rules are not necessarily intended to be fully binding | ダミー not necessarily(部分否定) |
| 2025 (22) | d | 10 | every possible combination of players’ decisions is thus exactly defined | ダミー 長い主語 every possible combination … に対し is。一致が正しい |
| 2025 (24) | e | 9 | rules originate and persist in the effort to solve | ダミー originate and persist in の並列が正しい |
| 2026 (22) | c | 14 | in a unique way which removes them absolutely from the realm of ordinary speaking | ダミー 14語。関係詞つきの長い副詞句 |
| 2026 (22) | e | 14 | which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music | ダミー 14語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | a | 13 | who plays a flat drum set in a wooden stand on the floor | ダミー 13語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | b | 11 | of such size and brilliance as to lend a vivid beauty | ダミー of such size and brilliance as to do(such … as to) |
| 2026 (23) | c | 9 | an hour-glass-shaped drum, which is held on the shoulder | ダミー 非制限用法の which +受動 |
| 2026 (23) | d | 19 | "at times the flute strikes in with a long-drawn note that has a beautiful and moving quality of sadness." | ダミー 19語。引用文まるごと。全250箇所で最長 |
| 2026 (24) | c | 9 | every motion of which has been performed for centuries | ダミー every motion of which …(of which)+完了受動 |
| 2026 (24) | d | 9 | painted high up on the middle of the forehead | ダミー painted high up on …(分詞の後置修飾) |
| 2026 (25) | b | 10 | If the actors, for instance, have to enter a boat | ダミー for instance の挿入つき条件節 |
| 2026 (25) | c | 9 | they will perhaps merely step over a bamboo pole | ダミー will perhaps merely step over。副詞の連続も語法も正しい |
| 2026 (26) | b | 10 | which had but little more in the way of properties | ダミー but little = ほとんど~ない / in the way of = ~という点で |
該当 2箇所のうち正解は 0件=正解になる率 0%(全体では20.0%)。250箇所で仮定法らしい形はこの2つだけで、どちらもダミー。仮定法が誤りとして問われたことは一度もない。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 (21) | e | 5 | that it be stopped immediately | ダミー demanded that it be stopped(仮定法現在) |
| 2023 (24) | c | 4 | were to exclude interactions | ダミー if … were to exclude(仮定法未来) |
該当 7箇所のうち正解は 0件=正解になる率 0%(全体では20.0%)。7件すべてダミー。倒置が誤りだったのは 2016(25)a(so are some of の語順)1件のみで、これは and で始まるためこの抽出には入らない。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (23) | d | 6 | only some of us should know | ダミー only some of us + should。数量詞は正しい |
| 2017 (25) | d | 7 | come together in a crisis if necessary | ダミー if necessary(if it is necessary の省略) |
| 2019 (25) | a | 4 | come truths that are | ダミー From mathematics come truths …(場所句による倒置) |
| 2019 (25) | c | 7 | as was the custom for great mathematicians | ダミー as was the custom …(擬似関係詞 as +倒置) |
| 2020 (24) | d | 7 | not only does our growing population require | ダミー not only does our growing population require(否定副詞の倒置) |
| 2021 (22) | c | 5 | Not only could this explain | ダミー Not only could this explain(倒置) |
| 2025 (23) | d | 6 | so is the play of power | ダミー so is the play of power(so + V + S の倒置) |
該当 7箇所のうち正解は 1件=正解になる率 14%(全体では20.0%)。唯一「誤り」に数えられる 2023(22)a は has often been portrayed という態の誤りであって、完了形の形そのものの誤りではない。つまり完了形が誤りだったのは実質0回。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 (24) | b | 5 | have supplied people with resources | ダミー have supplied people with resources(継続の現在完了+supply A with B) |
| 2021 (24) | d | 4 | has been extended to | ダミー has been extended to(完了受動) |
| 2021 (25) | c | 6 | has puzzled many an evolutionary biologist | ダミー many an evolutionary biologist(many a +単数) |
| 2022 (23) | a | 5 | has been used not just | ダミー has been used(完了受動) |
| 2023 (22) | a | 7 | has often portrayed as a ‘neutral’ medium | 誤り has often portrayed as → has often been portrayed as |
| 2023 (25) | d | 4 | have been discriminated against | ダミー have been discriminated against(完了受動+群動詞の受動) |
| 2026 (24) | c | 9 | every motion of which has been performed for centuries | ダミー every motion of which …(of which)+完了受動 |
該当 40箇所のうち正解は 6件=正解になる率 15%(全体では20.0%)。ベースラインを下回る。しかも誤り6件の中身は、余剰の代名詞・節内の動詞欠落・be動詞欠落・関係副詞の選択であり、関係代名詞の「格」(who↔whom、which↔whose)の誤りは1件もない。前置詞+関係代名詞、whose、of which、非制限用法といった凝った形ほど安全である。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 (22) | a | 5 | that is always unevenly distributed | ダミー 関係代名詞 that +受動。先行詞 capital と一致 |
| 2016 (22) | b | 5 | over people who have less | ダミー 比較 less +関係詞の二重構造 |
| 2016 (22) | c | 5 | This means that knowledge stands | ダミー knowledge stands の単数一致が正しい |
| 2016 (22) | e | 5 | that does not put us | ダミー 先行詞 nothing に対する that 節。二重否定に見える |
| 2016 (23) | e | 6 | who are too ignorant to vote | ダミー too ... to 構文 |
| 2016 (24) | c | 5 | in institutions whose purpose is | ダミー 所有格の関係代名詞 whose |
| 2016 (25) | e | 5 | that it is enabling us | ダミー that 節+進行形。語法・時制とも正しい |
| 2017 (22) | d | 6 | that documentary film was the future | ダミー proclaimed that … and that … の並列 that。正しい |
| 2017 (23) | c | 6 | what story to tell to whom | ダミー 疑問詞+不定詞、to whom の前置詞残留 |
| 2017 (23) | d | 5 | that it doesn’t manipulate it | 誤り that it doesn't manipulate it → that doesn't manipulate it |
| 2019 (23) | d | 8 | which had either been grounded in the view | 誤り had either been grounded → had been grounded |
| 2019 (25) | a | 4 | come truths that are | ダミー From mathematics come truths …(場所句による倒置) |
| 2020 (21) | a | 7 | the natural world which in fantasy fiction | ダミー 関係代名詞 which +副詞句の挿入 |
| 2020 (21) | b | 5 | undergo changes which elevate them | ダミー 関係代名詞 which elevate(先行詞は changes) |
| 2020 (22) | a | 5 | include sacred trees which serve | ダミー 関係代名詞 which serve(先行詞は trees) |
| 2020 (22) | e | 7 | insisted that human life was connected to | ダミー that 節内の受動 was connected to |
| 2020 (23) | e | 7 | a metaphor through which the author intends | ダミー 前置詞+関係代名詞 through which |
| 2020 (24) | e | 7 | where we are easy to forget about | 誤り where we are easy to forget → it is easy to forget |
| 2021 (22) | a | 5 | has since been just that | ダミー has since been just that(現在完了+since) |
| 2021 (23) | d | 6 | wasn’t just their behaviour that changed | ダミー it wasn't just their behaviour that changed(強調構文) |
| 2021 (25) | e | 10 | that a few evolutionary biologists once more began to consider | ダミー It was only after … that ~(強調構文の後半) |
| 2022 (21) | e | 5 | that it be stopped immediately | ダミー demanded that it be stopped(仮定法現在) |
| 2022 (23) | d | 6 | who ruled over nearly all of | ダミー 関係代名詞 who + rule over |
| 2022 (25) | b | 5 | which influenced me so much | ダミー 非制限用法の関係代名詞 which |
| 2023 (24) | e | 7 | which serves as the platform of interaction | ダミー 関係代名詞 which + serve as。先行詞との対応も正しい |
| 2024 (22) | a | 4 | reported that time perception | ダミー report that 節が正しい |
| 2024 (25) | d | 13 | comfortable with the idea that the brain can influence what the heart does | ダミー the idea that …(同格の that)+ what 節 |
| 2025 (21) | b | 8 | the framework that is used to agree on | ダミー 関係詞+受動+agree on(前置詞の残留) |
| 2025 (22) | b | 7 | which games are utilized for goal-oriented purposes | 誤り which games are utilized for … → where |
| 2025 (24) | a | 7 | that guide people in their everyday behavior | ダミー 関係代名詞 that guide |
| 2025 (25) | d | 5 | constraints that limit player action | ダミー 関係代名詞 that limit |
| 2026 (22) | b | 3 | which suppressed breathing | 誤り a curious voice which suppressed breathing as an item of value → which uses suppressed breathing |
| 2026 (22) | c | 14 | in a unique way which removes them absolutely from the realm of ordinary speaking | ダミー 14語。関係詞つきの長い副詞句 |
| 2026 (22) | e | 14 | which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music | ダミー 14語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | a | 13 | who plays a flat drum set in a wooden stand on the floor | ダミー 13語。関係詞つきの長い節 |
| 2026 (23) | c | 9 | an hour-glass-shaped drum, which is held on the shoulder | ダミー 非制限用法の which +受動 |
| 2026 (23) | d | 19 | "at times the flute strikes in with a long-drawn note that has a beautiful and moving quality of sadness." | ダミー 19語。引用文まるごと。全250箇所で最長 |
| 2026 (24) | c | 9 | every motion of which has been performed for centuries | ダミー every motion of which …(of which)+完了受動 |
| 2026 (24) | e | 6 | as that which worn by children | 誤り as that which worn by children → as that which is worn |
| 2026 (26) | b | 10 | which had but little more in the way of properties | ダミー but little = ほとんど~ない / in the way of = ~という点で |
該当 34箇所のうち正解は 3件=正解になる率 9%(全体では20.0%)。誤り3件は不定詞と動名詞の別、be動詞の欠落、句動詞の語順であり、分詞構文の形そのものが誤りだったことは0回。
| 年度・小問 | 記号 | 語数 | 下線部 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 (21) | a | 6 | emerged awkwardly out of early practice | ダミー emerge out of(自動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2017 (23) | b | 7 | using real life as their raw material | ダミー 分詞構文 using … |
| 2017 (24) | d | 6 | represented them as ignorant about things | ダミー represent A as B の語法が正しい |
| 2017 (25) | a | 7 | linked to a notion of the public | ダミー 過去分詞 linked to(受動) |
| 2019 (22) | b | 4 | suffered a major blow | ダミー 短い動詞句。無生物主語+suffer |
| 2019 (22) | c | 7 | appointed to a university chair in math | ダミー 受動 be appointed to a chair |
| 2019 (23) | b | 5 | leading intellectuals of the day | ダミー 名詞句のみ |
| 2019 (24) | a | 8 | tired of displaying her intellectual abilities in public | ダミー be tired of doing が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | b | 6 | expressed a desire to retire from | ダミー a desire to do(名詞+不定詞)が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | d | 5 | assumed responsibility for his household | ダミー responsibility for(名詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2019 (24) | e | 4 | recognized the need for | ダミー the need for。短い |
| 2019 (25) | b | 4 | Published in two volumes | ダミー Published in two volumes(受動の分詞構文) |
| 2019 (26) | b | 6 | viewed in the larger context of | ダミー 受動 be viewed in the context of |
| 2020 (22) | e | 7 | insisted that human life was connected to | ダミー that 節内の受動 was connected to |
| 2020 (23) | d | 7 | presented as the last trace of myth | ダミー 受動 presented as |
| 2020 (25) | d | 7 | perceived nature religiously in their own lives | ダミー 「自然を宗教的に捉えた」=意外だが本文の主張そのもの |
| 2021 (21) | a | 5 | followed by sheep and goats | ダミー followed by …(受動の分詞構文) |
| 2021 (23) | c | 4 | encouraged them to mating | 誤り encouraged them to mating → to mate |
| 2021 (25) | a | 4 | including one notable species | ダミー including ~の前置詞句 |
| 2022 (23) | c | 6 | received a good deal of attention | ダミー a good deal of +不可算名詞が正しい |
| 2024 (21) | a | 3 | anything but constant | ダミー anything but =決して~でない |
| 2024 (21) | c | 3 | uncovered corresponding findings | ダミー uncovered corresponding findings。3語 |
| 2024 (22) | a | 4 | reported that time perception | ダミー report that 節が正しい |
| 2024 (22) | c | 3 | learned to distinguish | ダミー learned to distinguish。3語 |
| 2024 (22) | e | 3 | presented for 200 milliseconds | 誤り One item … presented for 200 ms → was presented |
| 2024 (23) | b | 5 | matched with a particular moment | ダミー 受動 matched with |
| 2024 (23) | c | 3 | during the heartbeat | ダミー during the heartbeat。3語 |
| 2024 (23) | d | 10 | perceived time duration to be shorter than it actually was | ダミー SVOC + than it actually was |
| 2024 (24) | a | 4 | explained by the fact | ダミー 受動 explained by the fact |
| 2024 (24) | d | 6 | focused on differences in time perception | ダミー focus on(動詞+前置詞)が正しい |
| 2024 (25) | a | 5 | including our emotion and attention | ダミー including ~の前置詞句 |
| 2025 (21) | d | 6 | emerged in online discussions about creating | ダミー about +動名詞が正しい |
| 2025 (25) | c | 5 | trying to pick up them | 誤り trying to pick up them → pick them up |
| 2026 (24) | d | 9 | painted high up on the middle of the forehead | ダミー painted high up on …(分詞の後置修飾) |
誤り指摘形式10回50問で、時制の誤りは1件のみである。
I have been interested。since +現在完了。一方、時制・相を含む下線でダミーだったものには was looking for(2021)、has since been just that(2021)、have supplied people with resources(2020)、has been used not just(2022)、have been discriminated against(2023)、has been performed for centuries(2026) がある。時制を疑って時間を使う価値は低い。
下線部の語彙が難しいかどうかで正解を絞れないかを検証した。入試長文コーパス(大学入試の長文 36,022 語の見出し語・390大学17年分)の頻度順位を難度の指標とし、機能語(前置詞・冠詞・代名詞・接続詞・助動詞・be動詞など)を除いた内容語(名詞・動詞・形容詞・副詞)だけを対象に集計した。順位が大きいほど低頻度=難しい語である。
| 指標 | 正解 50 | ダミー 200 | 差 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内容語の頻度順位(幾何平均) | 487位 | 598位 | -112位 |
| 内容語の頻度順位(中央値) | 575位 | 636位 | -61位 |
| 平均CEFR(A1=1 … C2=6) | 1.87 | 1.99 | -0.12 |
| 1000位より低頻度の語の割合 | 33.3% | 37.6% | -4.3% |
| 3000位より低頻度の語の割合 | 12.9% | 13.2% | -0.2% |
| 下線あたりの内容語数 | 2.94語 | 3.23語 | -0.29語 |
| 条件 | 該当 | うち正解 | 正解率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内容語の最難語が 1000位より低頻度 | 180 | 37 | 20.6% |
| 内容語の最難語が 3000位より低頻度 | 89 | 17 | 19.1% |
| 内容語の最難語が 6000位より低頻度 | 28 | 4 | 14.3% |
| 内容語がすべて 1000位以内 | 70 | 13 | 18.6% |
| 内容語が0〜1語しかない | 15 | 2 | 13.3% |
| 内容語が4語以上 | 89 | 16 | 18.0% |
| 固有名詞を含む | 3 | 0 | 0.0% |
| ベースライン(全体) | 250 | 50 | 20.0% |
どの条件もベースライン20%の周辺にとどまる。強いて言えば6000位より低頻度の語を含む下線の正解率は14.3%で、難語はむしろ正解から遠い。
| 判定 | 年度・小問 | 最難語 | 頻度順位 | 下線部 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 誤り | 2017 (24) e | inuit | 29,839位 | his own experience of years into living with the Inuit |
| ダミー | 2026 (22) e | impressiveness | 29,592位 | which did not seem to me to add to the impressiveness of the music |
| ダミー | 2023 (22) e | insufficiently | 19,624位 | the least disputed, most defining, and yet insufficiently acknowledged feature |
| ダミー | 2022 (24) a | japan | 17,629位 | in early seventh-century Japan |
| ダミー | 2017 (22) c | artful | 15,679位 | an artful piece of propaganda |
| ダミー | 2023 (21) e | unquestione | 13,123位 | its often unquestioned status as a global lingua franca |
| ダミー | 2020 (25) d | religiously | 12,444位 | perceived nature religiously in their own lives |
| ダミー | 2023 (23) a | reassess | 10,785位 | to reassess how they view |
| ダミー | 2017 (21) a | awkwardly | 10,586位 | emerged awkwardly out of early practice |
| ダミー | 2021 (25) b | neanderthal | 10,439位 | are smaller than those of our Neanderthal cousins |
| 誤り | 2023 (23) d | inconsistency | 9,436位 | inconsistencies and seeming contradictory positions |
| ダミー | 2016 (22) a | unevenly | 9,141位 | that is always unevenly distributed |
12件のうち10件がダミー。正解に入った2件も、Inuit(2017)の誤りは into → of、inconsistencies(2023)の誤りは seeming → seemingly であり、その難語自体は誤りではない。
誤り50件のうち、争点が機能語(前置詞・代名詞・be動詞・接続詞・助動詞・相関語)なのが36件(72%)である。残る14件も、争点になった語はすべて超高頻度だった。
| 年度・小問 | 争点になった語 | 頻度順位 | ティア | CEFR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 (22) e | do | 20位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2022 (23) b | time | 39位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2016 (21) c | use | 40位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2026 (22) b | use | 40位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2016 (25) a | some | 55位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2024 (24) e | less | 152位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2023 (23) d | seem | 173位 | Basic | A2 |
| 2023 (24) b | create | 196位 | Core | A2 |
| 2019 (25) e | reduce | 378位 | Core | B1 |
| 2025 (23) b | demand | 698位 | Core | B1 |
| 2025 (25) c | pick | 822位 | Basic | A1 |
| 2020 (23) b | lock | 2,602位 | Basic | A2 |
| 2021 (23) c | mate | 2,839位 | Basic | B2 |
| 2026 (23) e | tune | 2,963位 | Basic | A2 |
tune の 2,963位。東大4(A) は語彙力ではなく「知っている語の使い方」だけを問う設計である。「知らない単語がある下線」を疑っても正解になる率はむしろ下がる。逆に do / time / use / less / create のような知っているつもりの語が、活用形・数・態・共起する前置詞のレベルで狂っていないかを見るのが正しい。2024年度から設問文が「文法上または内容上の誤り」(2026年度は「文脈上」)に変わった。それに合わせて、文法的にはどこも壊れていないのに前後の論理と食い違うタイプが実際に出題されている。該当するのは次の3件で、すべて2024年度以降である。共通するのは逆接・比較・因果の向きが前後とひっくり返っている点である。
more → less直前で「間隔が長いと時間は遅く感じる」と述べたのに、直後の文が「間隔が長いと速く感じる」になっている。
out of tune → in tuneand as adding greatly to their charm(曲の魅力を大いに増す)と並列されているのだから、前半も肯定でなければならない。
with much → without the同じ文の中に unaided(助けを借りずに)があり、段落全体が「小道具がなくても原始的ではない」という主張。「目の助けを大いに借りて」では正反対になる。
なお 2024(23)(a) how → whether も内容寄りだが、「how +比較級を含む節」という文法的な違和感が先に立つため、ここには含めていない。
| 記号 | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正解数 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 13 |
| 割合 | 16% | 22% | 18% | 18% | 26% |
(e) がやや多く、2024・2026年度は5問中3問が (e) だった。近年は段落の最後まで読ませてから落とす設計である。同一年度に同じ記号が3回出た年があるので、記号の重複を避ける消去法は危険である。
| 年度 | 第1段落 | 第2段落 | 第3段落 | 第4段落 | 第5段落 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | c | d | a | b | a |
| 2017 | d | b | d | e | e |
| 2019 | a | d | c | e | e |
| 2020 | c | c | b | e | b |
| 2021 | e | d | c | c | d |
| 2022 | c | e | b | d | a |
| 2023 | d | a | d | b | b |
| 2024 | b | e | a | e | e |
| 2025 | a | b | b | c | c |
| 2026 | b | e | e | a | e |
正解の平均は 6.00語、ダミーの平均は 6.18語で差はない。長さだけで当てることはできないが、12語を超えた下線が正解になったことは一度もない。
| 語数帯 | ダミー | 正解 | 正解率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1–4語 | 33 | 8 | 20% |
| 5–6語 | 98 | 23 | 19% |
| 7–8語 | 47 | 16 | 25% |
| 9–11語 | 17 | 3 | 15% |
| 12語以上 | 5 | 0 | 0% |
| 主分類 | 不要語削除期50問 | 誤り検知期50問 | 変化 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 文構造・文型・関係詞 | 16(32%) | 7(14%) | -18ポイント |
| 動詞の語法 | 6(12%) | 14(28%) | +16ポイント |
| 並列・比較・相関・倒置 | 6(12%) | 7(14%) | +2ポイント |
| 前置詞・熟語 | 5(10%) | 5(10%) | 変化なし |
| 文脈・内容・論理関係 | 4(8%) | 6(12%) | +4ポイント |
| 名詞・冠詞・代名詞・一致 | 6(12%) | 3(6%) | -6ポイント |
| 時制・助動詞・受動態 | 3(6%) | 3(6%) | 変化なし |
| 分詞・不定詞・品詞 | 1(2%) | 5(10%) | +8ポイント |
| 副詞・否定・接続表現 | 3(6%) | 0(0%) | -6ポイント |
| 合計 | 50 | 50 |
動詞の語法は12%から28%へ増加し、現行形式の中心となった。分詞・不定詞・品詞問題も2%から10%へ増えている。誤り箇所を選ばせる形式では、単純な余分語より、語の置換や不足語を含む動詞・語形問題を作りやすいためと考えられる。
文構造・関係詞は32%から14%へ低下した。旧形式では主語・述語間の余分な一語や関係詞と代名詞の重複を作りやすかったが、現行形式では出題対象がより多様化している。名詞・冠詞・単複の問題も12%から6%へ減った。
| 主分類 | 15問中の回数 | 割合 |
|---|---|---|
| 文脈・内容・論理関係 | 4 | 26.7% |
| 文構造・文型・関係詞 | 3 | 20.0% |
| 並列・比較・相関 | 3 | 20.0% |
| 動詞の語法 | 2 | 13.3% |
| 分詞・不定詞・品詞 | 2 | 13.3% |
| 時制・受動態 | 1 | 6.7% |
| 合計 | 15 | 100% |
直近3年度では文脈問題が最多である。前後を読まずに下線部だけを見る解法は通用しにくくなっており、文法確認と段落全体の論理確認を並行する必要がある。
両者で43問、全体の43%を占める。まず節の骨格を取る力を固め、その上で動詞の目的語・補語・前置詞を確認するのが最も効率的である。
両者で23問、全体の23%を占める。近年は文脈問題が増えているため、相関表現の機械的確認だけでなく、因果・逆接・比較方向まで読む必要がある。
冠詞、代名詞、前置詞、助動詞、分詞などは一語単位の精度が必要である。誤りの候補を見つけた後、「削除・置換・追加・語順」のどの修正なら意味を保てるかを検証すると、誤検出を減らせる。