主語になる -ing と to do
Smoking causes cancer. / To err is human. ──動名詞や不定詞が主語に立ったとき、そのあとに来る動詞は何か。どの動詞がどちらをとりやすいか。
結論
- 主語になるのは、ほぼ動名詞。同じ英文の中で -ing 主語が約29万件、to 主語は約1.2万件で、約23分の1しかない。to 主語は To err is human. のような格言や、硬い書き方でたまに出る程度。
- -ing 主語の後ろは、約半分(49%)が be。Having a child is a huge commitment. / Making lasagna is pretty easy. be の後ろは名詞が45%、形容詞が40%(thing, way, easy, important, difficult, hard, idea)。
- be 以外で数が多いのは make・help・mean・give・have・require・allow・lead・take・get。検品後の件数は make 約13,700、help 約8,900、mean 約5,800、give 約3,600、have 約3,500、require 約3,300、allow 約2,600。
- 「とりやすさ」で並べると、「〜が必要だ/〜を助ける/〜という結果になる」の動詞が上に来る。その動詞が文の動詞として使われた1万回のうち -ing 主語だった回数は、require 436、help 330、result (in) 294、allow 230、lead (to) 150、make 141、cause 140、mean 104。「〜すること」を原因や条件として置き、その結果を言う文になる。
Ignoring these signs can lead to costly repairs. / Identifying the right program requires familiarity with several tools. - to 主語の後ろは、検品後の上位では86%が be。be 以外の動詞は require 約270、mean 約250、take 約190、make 約160、seem 約90、have 約80、cost 約40 しかない。同じ動詞で比べても -ing 主語のほうが、require と take で12倍、mean で23倍、make で84倍、help では約370倍多い。need・come・get は、to 主語に見えた文がほぼ全部「〜するために」やウェブの見出し(How to Buy Stocks Get …)だった。
- to 主語が -ing 主語より目立つのは、次の3つの形だけ。
① To see is to believe. の対句:to 主語の be の後ろの17%が to do(-ing 主語では0.3%)。
② To say that … would be an understatement.:to 主語の be の12%に would が付く(-ing 主語は4%)。主語の動詞は say が最多で、補語は understatement が最多。
③ かかる時間・費用:To get there took several hours. / To do this will cost us money.
-ing が主語のとき、後ろに来る動詞
be は別に見る(下の「be の後ろ」)。ここは be 以外の動詞。行を押すと例文が開く(主語・動詞)。
「動詞1万回あたり」=その動詞が文の動詞として使われた1万回のうち、主語が -ing だった回数。数が多い動詞と「とりやすい」動詞は別に見られる。「検品」=ランダムに抜いた例文のうち本当にこの形だった数。件数はその割合で割り引いてある。
1make 13,721141.26/6
主語になった動詞: be、have、see、think、know、look
- HOWEVER, given the intensely "gendered" world we live in, I can understand how some people might think that changing their appearance would make getting along in that world easier, and I can't begrudge them for it.
- hearing this makes me crazy angry , and i know that it is not the right emotion to be expressing right now , so it 's my turn to avoid her eyes .
- But booing makes the story about people disagreeing about ideas.
2help 8,926329.76/6
主語になった動詞: understand、have、be、know、use、get
- i thought maybe going to the event at the country club would help me take my mind off things , seeing old friends and what not .
- Jul 07, 2025 6 min read Sustainable Living Cut Your Energy Use: Simple Ways to Save Money and the Planet With energy bills soaring, every household is looking for ways to cut costs without sacrificing comfort, and the good news …
- Actually, being mobile helps a lot of mobility issues.
3mean 5,783104.36/6
主語になった動詞: be、have、get、go、choose、do
- Sometimes being a hero means helping in smaller ways.
- Adding more employees meant more devices, software, and bandwidth demands—but his outdated infrastructure couldn’t keep up.
- Well, you know, being a Jewish person really means being good to other people.
4give 3,55668.66/6
主語になった動詞: be、have、use、know、see、look
- In a competitive market, having the ability to store a wide variety of products efficiently can give businesses a significant edge.
- Finishing first in the Macedonian Third League – West; gave them the right to compete in the play-offs for a promotion to the Macedonian Second Football League.
- Estimating the expression of all four members of the Her family as well as of an array of receptor-specific ligands would probably give more information on some steps of the signal transduction pathway and on the clinical …
5have 3,5093.85/6
have to(doesn't have to be)が混ざる
主語になった動詞: be、have、use、know、go、take
- i considered for a minute , acting like this did n't have disaster written all over it .
- Of course driving has an equal level of inconveniences, like dealing with parking at a crowded place, or dealing with multiple changes of the light to get past an intersection, and so on.
- - You know, Fraser, being your partner has certain drawbacks.
6require 3,306435.76/6
主語になった動詞: get、be、do、achieve、understand、use
- Eventually we got the hang of it, but using controls on a headphone shouldn't require any learning curve at all.
- getting close to the king would require stepping out onto that shelf where he stood .
- Obviously, Oculus has figured out how to make this penalty acceptable for small frustum tracking, but achieving sub-mm resolution over a 3m room like Valve does without occlusion requires (barring sub-pixel fanciness) multiple …
7allow 2,604230.16/6
is not allowed(受け身)も含む
主語になった動詞: use、have、be、understand、do、know
- Understanding the different types of bets available allows players to take full advantage of the wagering system.
- Second, doing plenty of extensive research has allowed me to decide while having a religious faith whatever happens to anyone, in the 'End' things will be good.
- Finding a support group allows you to get away from addiction triggers and gives you the chance to learn new mechanisms.
8lead 2,339150.06/6
ほぼ lead to
主語になった動詞: use、ignore、be、do、have、understand
- Growing these competencies (specifically self-awareness) leads to the growth of another important, overarching necessity in leaders: emotional intelligence.
- In affected and unaffected tetraploid neurons, during development and during the progression of the disease, passing the G2/M checkpoint leads to cell death.
- Running core on a mobile device might lead to slower signing times due to resource limits.
9take 2,31725.64/6
題名(Typing of the Dead)・関係の崩れた文が混ざる
主語になった動詞: get、be、film、find、do、take
- Returning to Rome would take much longer as the winds were adverse and ships had to tack a course, hugging coastlines when possible.
- And yes, learning about Indian life sometimes takes some effort.
- Not only does building an AR from the ground up take a good amount of money, it also takes a lot of time in researching and purchasing parts.
10get 2,28612.36/6
will get you killed / isn't getting you anywhere
主語になった動詞: be、have、do、talk、play、use
- Claudia, you know, being a pain in the ass isn't getting you any closer to what you want here.
- Covering me will get you killed
- Repeating the same process with the same ingredients over and over is not going to get you a different result.
11seem 2,04062.65/6
主語になった動詞: be、have、go、get、talk、take
- he hesitated to kiss me , i had never kissed him on the mouth after he went down on me , but for some reason , at that moment , tasting myself on mason 's mouth seemed like the most natural thing to do .
- destroying them had never seemed like much of a battle for the warrior angels , though .
- trent paid everyone far too much to be easily bribed , but ignoring any prospect seemed risky .
12feel 1,95535.56/6
ほぼ feels like
主語になった動詞: be、have、get、walk、go、do
- Playing Jak & Daxter today really does feel like stepping into a different time — its world is so lush and imaginative, and filled with colorful characters.
- Looking through our gallery truly feels like reliving the day.
- being with you always feels like the first time , '' jeff panted out .
13become 1,82859.05/6
主語になった動詞: be、get、find、understand、make、keep
- Dealing in outside media has become big business in North Korea, with merchants in the markets selling USB drives that can be inserted into TVs or DVD players, and micro-SD cards that can be put into phones.
- Completing his murders became the only way she could hold on to him.
- Confronting that incident became the trigger...
14do 1,6252.54/6
won't do / isn't doing you any good が本物
主語になった動詞: be、have、get、talk、go、do
- accepting that being alone was n't doing a damned thing to help , jaelyn was relieved when ariyal 's voice cut through her dark broodings .
- Sitting at home, cribbing and complaining won't do
- Setting up is done
15provide 1,34796.75/6
主語になった動詞: understand、use、have、list、engage、combine
- The principle that averaging multiple estimates provides a relatively accurate outcome--often better than most underlying estimates and sometimes even better than all--has come to be known as the Wisdom of Crowds principle.
- Familiarizing yourself with these options provides avenues for assistance if needed.
- If your view is correct, then I'd argue we ought to exterminate children with severe mental handicaps for the simple reason that doing so may provide a solid career path for a mentally healthy individual, increasing their …
16work 1,28441.06/6
否定が多い(won't work / never works)
主語になった動詞: be、use、do、try、play、have
- Setting specific goals hasn’t worked, so maybe having less specific goals will be better.
- If praying doesn't work, then what shall we do?
- Approaching aesthetic situations with data -- or at least the appearance of data -- to back up your position really works.
17result 1,283293.96/6
result in
主語になった動詞: use、fail、increase、do、apply、add
- In addition, mutating an essential SAC component (BUBR1) resulted in abrogation of the CID-mediated delay.
- Incorporating this temporal variation in epidemic disease modelling may result in more accurate model predictions and may usefully inform future surveillance strategies. ==== Body Background Mathematical modelling approaches are …
- Just meeting them one day later could result in a different sperm cell resulting in a slightly different baby.
18bring 1,26862.75/6
主語になった動詞: be、kill、see、have、think、do
- Protesting with the mouth only brings pain.
- In my country where there is still national service, being a desk jockey still brings a lot of negative connotations, from both outside the army and within.
- for some reason , being with sheridan brought julia back , made him miss her in a way that left him feeling as young and abandoned as he 'd felt at seventeen .
19cause 1,105140.34/6
to ask … would cause を -ing と取り違えた文が混ざる
主語になった動詞: use、be、have、do、see、take
- You, however, seem to think that opening a plant in China would have caused a huge drop in purchases.
- In arthropods such as shrimp, dropping their body temperature causes them to become sluggish and almost "sleepy" until they eventually die.
- Training in the thin air causes the body to produce more red blood cells, the exact same effect as EPO.
20come 93910.44/6
ほぼ comes with(Being a parent comes with …)・見出しが混ざる
主語になった動詞: be、have、know、hear、make、get
- Depositing and withdrawing digital currency comes with a few benefits.
- Being the daughter of a former Spice Girl must come with its perks.
- Being a parent of any child comes with trying times, but the unique challenges that come with parenting a child on the spectrum go beyond just raising them from the point of conception to adulthood.
1語の -ing が主語(Smoking kills. 型)
1become 87528.25/5
主語になった動詞: breathing、gambling、gaming、cooking、writing、drinking
- But gaming has become such a huge past-time for kids that there are so many parents that don't know anything about it, or don't make an effort to learn.
- The authors state that: "There is growing concern that flooding is becoming more frequent and severe in Europe.
- her eyes round and her breathing becomes frantic .
2begin 82335.05/5
Filming began 型=出来事の名前
主語になった動詞: filming、planning、testing、shooting、breathing、fighting
- After "some delays" due to Adkins' busy schedule, filming began on December 3, 2014, and wrapped on February 3, 2015.
- Filming began in November 2024, taking place primarily at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England.
- Coal was discovered in the mid-19th century by Willem Hendrik de Greve, and mining began in the area in 1876.
3continue 76746.05/5
主語になった動詞: growling、shouting、screaming、crying、fighting、ringing
- my sobbing continued for several more minutes .
- [straining] [screaming] [screaming continues]
- A lead project to upgrade the Cairns to Northern Territory border corridor, including the Gulf Developmental Road and surrounding state and council roads, at an estimated cost of $62.5 million, was commenced in 2020, with …
4make 6596.84/5
主語になった動詞: thinking、drinking、smoking、singing、crying、reasoning
- That person not calling mia, or pinging wouldn't have made a difference, you would have still been doing whatever you were doing when you died.
- their relenting makes me question if jax was truly involved in the decision to pull the loan in the first place .
- Screaming makes me mad.
5take 6447.13/5
take place が多い
主語になった動詞: filming、voting、shipping、processing、learning、healing
- Shipping for US Customers Orders delivered to the United States take 7-12 business days with priority processing for US destinations.
- “In Nevada we have just put together a multi-generational, multiracial coalition, which is going to not only win in Nevada, it is going to sweep this country,” Sanders, a self-declared democratic socialist, told cheering …
- Once the production is completed, shipping takes place within 2-3 business days.
6help 60522.35/5
Shouting won't help.
主語になった動詞: crying、smoking、advertising、drinking、counseling、yelling
- Shouting won't help anything.
- While napping can help make up for deficits, the Foundation recommends skipping them if you are struggling with quality sleep at night.
- Begging won't help.
7do 5820.95/5
受け身 is done が多い
主語になった動詞: testing、filming、cooking、editing、voting、fighting
- Benefits: Stress free as planning is done and executed by the third party Cabling is done as per the demand of the infrastructure Re-location service by us: Safe packaging and relocating to the new office Providing IT security to …
- all that swimming had done her body so damned right .
- testing should be done this week . ''
8occur 55987.75/5
Breeding occurs 型
主語になった動詞: flowering、flooding、filming、mating、breeding、learning
- Breeding occurs in two peaks in the summer, although the timing of their breeding varies by year.
- Healing of rectal strictures in inflammatory bowel disease with TNF inhibitor occurs in 59% of cases.
- When sampling occurs at a constant temperature, any inter-individual difference in EBC volume can be ascribed to total ventilation volume.
9have 4610.54/5
主語になった動詞: writing、smoking、boxing、aging、suffering、gambling
- boxing and boxers will have future now.
- knitting has f**k all to do with sex . ''
- My leaving has nothing to do with you.
to do が主語のとき、後ろに来る動詞
1require 27436.17/8
主語になった動詞: do、get、be、achieve、keep、move
- To rebuild the settling pond would require a very large sum of money.
- “We likely have all of the lost moons in our new observations from 2017, but to link them back to the remaining lost 2003 objects requires more observations a year later to confirm the linkages, which will not happen until early …
- To achieve prevention or treatment requires collective investment in the knowledge and then investment in the provision of the solutions.
2mean 2474.58/8
主語になった動詞: be、do、take、have、love、keep
- To be able to pull something like this together in a matter of hours means they're well-connected and methodical.
- Just to keep doing it means you love it.
- to move would surely have meant death for her .
3take 1912.17/8
To get there took several hours
主語になった動詞: get、do、be、reach、use、make
- To get all of that together took a year.
- On top of that, Texas is a large place, and to get to Austin from Dallas took several hours and my boss wouldn't just give me a free day to go protest in Austin (where my protest probably wouldn't mean anything) or in DC.
- And to do so would take more manpower than I can spare.
4make 1631.76/8
主語になった動詞: have、be、see、get、do、say
- to have such a measure of control made me nearly ecstatic at times , fool that i was .
- And to have anyone see him now would make him feel worse.
- Now that everything is okay, I've been looking for work, and to get to a magazine like Cosmo would really make me realize that this is why my road has led me to where I am.
5seem 942.98/8
主語になった動詞: give、choose、be、decide、call、do
- to withdraw his candidacy might seem like an admission of guilt .
- but to love someone other than bray seemed eternally impossible .
- To pull the trigger seemed too simple to him.
6have 760.14/8
「〜するために」・How to 見出しが半分
主語になった動詞: be、do、get、know、prove、buy
- To immunize with whole p53 protein expressed by e.g. viral vectors or long peptides overlapping a whole protein has the advantage of multiple MHC class I and II restricted epitope expression (dominant as well as cryptic).
- To say such a notion is unfair may have its merit with regards to...
- But to live like others has many advantages.
7cost 4313.48/8
To do this will cost us money
主語になった動詞: get、do、put、rent、upgrade、reserve
- To get him out on bail will cost to Rs.5 lakhs.
- And just to put your kid through one year of college costs $45,000, and I didn't even go to college.
- To free your coach might cost me the other one.
8do 310.04/8
would not do it justice が本物
主語になった動詞: say、podejście、początek、have、add、describe
- And to turn up here looking like that isn't doing you any good.
- To say the toilet was clogged would not do it justice.
- To kill me would do greater harm to Athens than it would to me.
9become 301.05/8
主語になった動詞: be、go、buy、give、make、become
- To observe the Sabbath has in our age of Pharaonic consumption become in many ways the most radical.
- To see you winning had become a habit
- To not give away kills have become much much important in this patch.
10feel 250.54/8
主語になった動詞: be、have、get、see、choose、include
- To have my torch put out instead of making it to day 39 and being able to sit in the final tribal council felt very bad.
- To go further and implement further "rules" feels as if the site is being micromanaged by Big Brother.
- it 'd felt like a miracle , to be able to share such a precious gift with him , but to share it with anne and james felt wonderful as well .
11help 240.95/8
主語になった動詞: have、present、be、use、generate、choose
- To generate portraits for each population may help in the sub-classification of tumours, prognosis, and general understanding of breast cancer [18,19] and will allow us to identify characteristic genes from the Mexican population.
- “To focus on tourism in the south of Scotland can help improve low productivity, increase below-average business size and grow low wages.
- But surely, to present yourself in this condition is not going to help our cause.
12involve 185.34/8
How to 見出しが半分
主語になった動詞: do、choose、use、be、apply、prepare
- To apply this to PoE involves much more complicated math, but here is a plain hypothetical example: Let's say an Andvarius ring has a 1% Chance to drop in high level maps.
- To have more hard and fast diagnostic criteria would essentially involve understanding the etiology of all the disorders in question, especially the link between abnormalities in the physical brain and how these manifest …
- It was about being the shepherds of creation, and to do so involves getting to know creation.
同じ動詞で比べる
to 主語で上位の動詞が、-ing 主語では何件あるか。
| 動詞 | -ing 主語 | to 主語 | -ing ÷ to |
|---|---|---|---|
| require | 3,306 | 274 | 12 倍 |
| mean | 5,783 | 247 | 23 倍 |
| take | 2,317 | 191 | 12 倍 |
| make | 13,721 | 163 | 84 倍 |
| seem | 2,040 | 94 | 22 倍 |
| have | 3,509 | 76 | 46 倍 |
| cost | 上位外 | 43 | — |
| do | 1,625 | 31 | 52 倍 |
| become | 1,828 | 30 | 61 倍 |
| feel | 1,955 | 25 | 78 倍 |
| help | 8,926 | 24 | 372 倍 |
| involve | 上位外 | 18 | — |
be の後ろに何が来るか
-ing is …(140,552件)
形容詞 40%名詞 45%その他 5%取れず 9%
would be の割合 4%
to do is …(8,476件)
形容詞 33%名詞 39%to do 17%その他 3%取れず 7%
would be の割合 12%
it を先に立てて後ろに回す形
It took three weeks to find her a home. ──主語の位置を避けた to do が、it を先に立ててどの動詞と組むか。同じ走査で出るので足した(be+形容詞・名詞の形は以前の調査があるので除く)。
it のあとに動詞と to do が並ぶ文は多いが、ほとんどは to 以下が主語ではない(it seems to be / it has to be / it used to / it's supposed to / it started to rain)。検品で本物だったのは次の2語だけ。
1take 57,095—6/6
It took three weeks to find her a home.
主語になった動詞: get、take、make、find、realize、be
- In the extended walk it took him a few strides to develop a good rhythm and overtrack, but the collected walk was very pure.
- so though most abandoned children her age were placed in three days or less , it took three whole weeks to find her a home .
- So instead what I’ve done is set my minimum to around break even or slightly above it — whatever it takes to get the buy box.
2feel 7,232—6/6
How does it feel to be … / It feels good to know …
主語になった動詞: be、have、feel、get、know、see
- And I went over to him and asked him how it felt to see himself in this movie.
- How's it feel to use your brain for a change?
- Tell me, how does it feel to be a hunted man?
it … doing は be+形容詞(It's not easy being blind / it's worth noting)以外に本物がほぼない。it seems like … doing・even if it means doing のような、-ing が主語ではない文ばかりだった。
どこに多いか
100万語あたりの件数(be 含む・検品前)。
| -ing 主語 | 100万語あたり |
|---|---|
| 689.2 | |
| ニュース | 371.5 |
| 医学論文 | 345.2 |
| ウェブ | 332.5 |
| 現代小説 | 331.4 |
| 映画・ドラマ字幕 | 193.6 |
| Wikipedia | 132.0 |
| to do 主語 | 100万語あたり |
|---|---|
| 23.3 | |
| ニュース | 18.7 |
| 映画・ドラマ字幕 | 13.8 |
| ウェブ | 13.5 |
| 現代小説 | 10.1 |
| 医学論文 | 6.8 |
| Wikipedia | 3.2 |
数え方
- ラージコーパス(23.8億語)のうち 10.1億語(約42%)を見た。上位の顔ぶれが変わらない量に達した時点で打ち切った。あとから足した報道インタビューと自然な会話(計約8億語の後半部分)は含まれていない。
- 節の頭に -ing か to do がある文だけを拾い、その文を spaCy でもう一度組み立てを読み、「-ing / to do がどの動詞の主語か」を取り出した。
- 上位の動詞は例文をランダムに5〜8文ずつ読み、本当にその形になっている割合で件数を割り引いた。半分未満の動詞は表から外した。少ない文数での割り引きなので、件数は目安。
機械で除いたもの(-ing 主語)
- 動詞に別の主語がある 22,832
- 主語と動詞の間にカンマ(〜するために/分詞構文) 20,562
- 文中で大文字(地名・人名) 5,962
- Joining us is 人名(倒置) 1,625
- the などが付く(名詞) 831
- 後ろの名詞を飾っている(rising prices) 365
- 述語が動詞でない 302
機械で除いたもの(1語の -ing)
- ふつうの名詞(building, meeting) 223,305
- the や形容詞が付く(名詞) 51,020
- 主語と動詞の間にカンマ(〜するために/分詞構文) 14,687
- 動詞に別の主語がある 8,459
- 元の動詞が見つからない(Fleming) 6,941
- 文中で大文字(地名・人名) 1,129
- 述語が動詞でない 375
機械で除いたもの(to 主語)
- 動詞に別の主語がある 1,478
- 主語と動詞の間にカンマ(〜するために/分詞構文) 1,395
- 直前がカンマの to(〜するために) 685
- 述語が動詞でない 49
検品で外した動詞
- -ing 主語: なし
- to 主語: need(2/8・To lose weight one needs …(〜するために)・How to 見出し)、come(3/8・to top it off・How to 見出し)、get(0/8・すべて How to … Get の見出し)
- it … to do: have(0/6・it has to be(助動詞))、seem(2/6・ほとんど it seems to be(繰り上げ)。本物は it seems ridiculous to …)、use(0/6・it used to / is used to)、get(0/6・it's got to be)、suppose(0/6・it's supposed to be)、mean(2/6・本物は what it means to …)、start(0/6・it started to rain)、need(1/6・it needs to be)
- it … doing: seem(0/5・it seems like X is doing)、look(0/5・it looks like X is doing)、mean(0/5・even if it means doing(目的語))、feel(2/5・本物は it feels good saying …)、start(0/5・it started raining)、keep(0/5)、sound(0/5)、stop(0/5)