関係副詞と that

関係副詞と that

the day when he leftthe day that he leftthe day he leftthe day on which he left

わかったこと

  1. the day・the moment・the night のように the がつく時の名詞は、何も置かない形が 77〜93%。when などの関係副詞は 2.0〜7.9%、that は 3.7〜14%。
  2. the first time・every time・by the time は、何も置かない形が 95%・98%・99%。that は 4.5%・1.3%・0.6%、when は 0.5%以下。
  3. a がつく形や複数形では逆になる。a time・times は when などの関係副詞が 80%、a moment・moments は 84%、a day・days は 62%。that は 5.7〜12%。
  4. the reason は、何も置かない形が 74%、why が 18%、that が 7.2%。a reason・reasons は why が 45%、that が 7.3%。
  5. the way は、何も置かない形が 93%、that が 5.7%、in which が 1.4%。a way・ways は that が 32%、in a way that … の形では 51%。the way how は約100文。
  6. 場所の名詞は where が中心で、that は少ない。the place は where 50%・何も置かない形 45%・that 3.8%。house・room・school などは where 86%・that 3.1%、city・country などは where 74%・that 5.3%。
  7. situation・case・position も where が 72〜80%。to the point は where 75%・that 17%。the extent・the degree は that 47%・to which 37%。
  8. 関係副詞と that だけを比べると、that の割合は the night 74%・the year 72%・the day 56%・the time 55%・the reason 28%・the place 7.1%・a time 6.7%。
  9. that は話し言葉(インタビュー・討論)に多い。the day that は話し言葉で 21%、小説で 3.3%。the reason that は 13% と 2.7%、the way that は 13% と 1.6%。論文では the reason why が 48%、the way in which が 22%。
  10. 名詞のあとに that+主語+動詞が続く文のうち、同格の that(名詞の中身を言う節)は、the reason で 5.7%(for the simple reason that …)、case で 59%、point で 29%、position で 19%。時・場所・やり方の名詞では 0%。
  11. 時・場所の名詞では、かわりに動詞の that 節が混ざる。at the time that … の 45% は said at the time that … の類、city・world などの 28% は show the world that … の類。場所の名詞では、節に穴のある関係代名詞の that(the place that I visited の形)が 57〜74%。
  12. 時の名詞に where を使う文もある。a moment・moments につく関係副詞の 40% は where。

名詞ごとの割合

名詞のあとに完全文の節が続くとき、名詞と節のあいだに何が置かれているか。数字は左から、関係副詞・前置詞+which・that・何も置かない形の割合(%)。

関係副詞 when・where・why前置詞+which on which・in which・for whichthat何も置かない

時を表す名詞

文の数
by the time
0.00.00.69943,900
every timeeach time・any time
0.40.01.39871,200
the first timethe last / next / only time
0.50.04.59594,300
the time
9.31.2117821,900
at the time
110.415734,400
a time / times
800.95.71414,200
the day
6.60.38.38533,800
a day / days
622.912233,000
the moment
6.70.43.78929,400
a moment / moments
842.46.27.43,100
the night
2.50.27.39011,300
a night / nights
612.18.728870
the year
5.22.913795,900
the week / the month
7.91.014772,300
the minutethe second / instant / hour
2.00.34.59312,700
0%25%50%75%100%

理由

文の数
the reason
180.17.27469,900
a reason / reasons
450.17.3487,900
0%25%50%75%100%

やり方

文の数
the way
0.01.45.793202,000
a way / ways
0.31132575,700
in a way / in ways
0.11.651475,600
0%25%50%75%100%

場所を表す名詞

文の数
the place
500.93.8457,300
a place / places
680.65.3269,900
areathe area・an area・areas
837.34.65.55,000
houseなどhouse・room・school・hotel・hospital・office …
864.93.15.813,600
cityなどcity・town・country・world・street・spot …
74135.37.917,400
everywhereanywhere・nowhere
2.20.03.79411,300
somewhere
340.06.9594,000
0%25%50%75%100%

場面・段階・程度を表す名詞

文の数
to the point
751.0176.910,300
pointto the point 以外
769.47.27.74,700
situation
809.14.06.85,500
case
72138.36.71,900
position
793.86.1112,800
stage / levelstage・phase・level
589.212212,100
the extent / the degree
2.03747142,100
0%25%50%75%100%

関係副詞と that だけで比べる

関係副詞か that のどちらかが置かれた文のうち、that の割合。

the first time
90%
every time
77%
the night
74%
the year
72%
the minute
70%
the week / the month
64%
everywhere
62%
at the time
58%
the day
56%
the time
55%
the moment
36%
the reason
28%
to the point
18%
stage / level
17%
somewhere
17%
a day / days
17%
a reason / reasons
14%
a night / nights
13%
case
10%
point
8.7%
a place / places
7.3%
position
7.2%
the place
7.1%
a moment / moments
6.9%
cityなど
6.8%
a time / times
6.7%
area
5.3%
situation
4.7%
houseなど
3.5%
0%25%50%75%100%

文章の種類ごと

色は上の図と同じ。右の数字は関係副詞と that の割合(%)。

関係副詞 when・where・why前置詞+which on which・in which・for whichthat何も置かない

the reason

話し言葉
2513
映画・ドラマ
176.9
小説
9.92.7
ネット
154.2
ニュース
244.8
百科事典
276.8
論文
4811

the day

話し言葉
9.621
映画・ドラマ
5.37.8
小説
5.83.3
ネット
6.96.3
ニュース
115.5
百科事典
5.25.5

the way

話し言葉
0.113
映画・ドラマ
0.04.7
小説
0.01.6
ネット
0.14.6
ニュース
0.06.0
百科事典
0.15.9
論文
0.84.5

the place

話し言葉
578.0
映画・ドラマ
513.1
小説
491.5
ネット
372.9
ニュース
454.0

名詞+that+主語+動詞 の内訳

名詞のすぐあとに that と主語・動詞が続く文が、それぞれ何であるかの割合(%)。

関係副詞の代わり同格
(名詞の中身)
動詞などの
that 節
関係代名詞
(節に穴がある)
文の数
the reason845.70.5106,000
the way930.01.05.712,400
the day820.04.7133,400
the time690.08.2233,600
the first time920.01.96.64,600
at the time480.0457.41,400
the moment670.011231,600
the place260.017571,100
cityなど9.10.0286310,200
houseなど6.60.020746,400
to the point782.62.3172,300
point13291.5562,700
case6.7590.8342,300
position14192.6651,200
condition・eventなど8.0313.9573,700
situation141.03.2821,600
the extent / the degree712.81.8241,400

関係副詞の代わり

  • The reason that we're here is because we hear that this island is sinking.that・話し言葉
  • And what was the day that she went missing?that・話し言葉
  • There's never anyone waiting for me there, but it's the one place that I can be myself.that・映画・ドラマ

同格(名詞の中身)

  • It is destructive and stupid for the sole reason that it's what we do.that・ネット
  • But now he's taking the position that he doesn't want a delay.that・話し言葉
  • And I do want to make the point that you are single, living in Los Angeles and you're looking for love.that・話し言葉
  • In the event that you leave this room alone,that・映画・ドラマ

動詞などの that 節

  • I explained to you at the time that I was merely trying to stretch a food budget drawn tight!that・映画・ドラマ
  • Of course, I didn't know at the time that it was gonna end up like this.that・映画・ドラマ
  • Again, we want to show the world that we are still up and running.that・話し言葉

関係代名詞(節に穴がある)

  • This is the location that we've been following.that・話し言葉
  • And that's when we went back inside the room that we were in.that・話し言葉
  • All of those are your residences, but you only have one domicile, and the domicile is the place that you consider your home.that・ネット

時の名詞につく関係副詞(when と where)

whenwhere文の数
a moment / moments60402,600
a night / nights6733530
a day / days73271,900
the year7624300
the moment80202,000
the first time8218490
a time / times871311,400
the day88122,200
the time89112,000

実例

the day / a day

  • I never thought I'd live to see the day when I'd say this.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • And what was the day that she went missing?that・話し言葉
  • I was with him the day he got hit.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • Was there a day when I didn't see you?関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • Could you ever envision a day that you would not be professionally singing?that・話し言葉

the time / a time

  • I want you to take us back to the time when you got the call.関係副詞・話し言葉
  • We have stayed good friends long past the time that we dated.that・話し言葉
  • Dakota Marie's life is documented month by month, from the time she was born.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • They would have weakened us at a time when we need to be strong.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • It's not a time that we need a big partisan battle in Illinois.that・話し言葉
  • Really, Ann, there are times I can't keep up with you.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ

the first time・every time・by the time

  • Imagine his surprise the next time he drops in to play with his toys.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • Well, I don't think it's to be taken seriously, but it's not the first time that he's done it.that・話し言葉
  • There are currently 8 levels and bosses, and each time you defeat a boss you’re rewarded with a new weapon.何も置かない・ネット
  • Every time that she would talk about her mom, it sounded like they had a rough relationship.that・話し言葉
  • By the time I was old enough to do what I wanted, I couldn't afford it.何も置かない・ネット
  • By the time that he realised it wasn't, it was too late.that・映画・ドラマ

the moment / a moment

  • There is the moment when he is on the rooftop and he has just picked his costume.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • From the moment that they take the stage, spectators will immediately take a step back in time.that・ニュース
  • The moment we got into the taxi, his migraines started.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • Tell us about a moment when you had to decide whether to take revenge or just let it go.関係副詞・話し言葉

the reason / a reason

  • In fact, that was the reason why he left.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • The reason that we're here is because we hear that this island is sinking.that・話し言葉
  • Did he ever tell you the real reason he quit fighting?何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • There must be a reason why you have burned his clothes.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • There's a reason I moved to Europe.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ

the way / a way

  • It's about transforming the way in which we operate public education.前置詞+which・話し言葉
  • Did you say that this actually colored the way that you thought about the 2000 presidential campaign?that・話し言葉
  • I guess things don't always work out the way you expect them to.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • We're looking at different ways that we can better protect our people.that・話し言葉
  • But, there's a way we can both get what we want.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ

the place / a place

  • Did you find the place where they keep the heart?関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • There's never anyone waiting for me there, but it's the one place that I can be myself.that・映画・ドラマ
  • That's the first place they'll look, honey.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • I know a place where we can park.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • There are a lot of places that I'd want to go but it's already dark out.that・映画・ドラマ
  • Here's a list of places you can reach me.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ

house・cityなど

  • Do you know the hospital where she was treated for the broken leg?関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • You have worked hard to make it a home in which they are proud to live.前置詞+which・映画・ドラマ
  • The Occupy Wall Street protesters are being allowed to stay in the park where they have been camping.関係副詞・話し言葉
  • Unblended black teas are often named after the region in which they are produced.前置詞+which・百科事典
  • It is very common for the rich to own several locations within a city that they live.that・ネット

everywhere・somewhere

  • It seems like everywhere I go, you're breathing down my neck.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ
  • And I kept on seeing them everywhere that I went.that・映画・ドラマ
  • Then we have to go somewhere where they can't find us.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • There has to be somewhere we can hide.何も置かない・映画・ドラマ

point・situation・extent

  • Well, does it get to a point where it is too late, though?関係副詞・話し言葉
  • Unfortunately, it got to the point that it went out of bounds.that・話し言葉
  • I'm not in a situation where I can be laughing at others.関係副詞・映画・ドラマ
  • For example, most of us know situations in which we are trying to read while other people talk.前置詞+which・論文
  • The publications popularity grew to the extent that it surpassed the circulation of the leading daily newspaper, The Sind Observer.that・ニュース
  • Citizens deserve to know how their data is being used and the extent to which they are being monitored.前置詞+which・ネット