分詞構文の置き場所
Corpus note · participle clauses

分詞構文の置き場所

分詞構文を意味ごとに分けて、主節の前に置かれるか後ろに置かれるか、後ろならコンマで区切られるかどうかを、23.77億語の英語コーパスから数えた調査ノートです。

判定 7,595 文で集計（追加分の22バッチは codex の負荷を考えて打ち切り。抜けは無作為なので偏りはなく、ぶれが少し大きくなるだけ）
調べた文 4,784,041語数 70 百万語codex が判定した文 7,595

わかったこと

意味ごとの置き場所

1行が1つの意味です。行ごとに合計100%。2通りに読める文は両方の行に入れているので、行をまたいで足し合わせることはできません。右端は、その意味の中で後置が占める割合と、codex が判定した実際の文の数（n）です。

オレンジが前置、青が後置です。後置の青は、濃い青＝コンマあり、中くらいの青＝コンマなし、薄い青＝sat reading / came running 型（補語とも読める、コンマなしの一種）。右端はその意味の中で後置が占める割合です。

数値の表で見る（6区分の細かい表）

実例

下線が分詞のカタマリ（機械が推定した範囲なので、少しずれることがあります）。いちばん自然な意味で分けています。

付帯状況・同時〜しながら・〜して（補足・手段を含む）

前置

  • Using the bond-propagation algorithm, we study the Ising model on a rectangle of size $M \times N$ with free boundaries.学術論文 · 手段・方法
  • Mumbai/ Bengaluru: Lashing out at Congress leader Jyotiraditya Scindia for forcefully trying to enter Madhya Pradesh’s violence-hit Mandsaur district, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on Wednesday said the former’s visit to the area was purely ‘publicity oriented’.ニュース · 補足・具体化

中置

  • Candidates and surrogates launching verbal missiles at each other today, one, Newt Gingrich, lobbing a racially loaded hand grenade, another, Rick Santorum they're to explain his remarks which he now says weren't about race, even though he defended them just a day ago.話し言葉 · 補足・具体化 · 見出し的な断片。意味上の主語は one, Newt Gingrich
  • Here we have suggested a simple heuristic algorithm that, starting from a (positive definite) correlation matrix, infers a partially directed network that in turn allows generating causal hypotheses of how the data were generated.学術論文 · 手段・方法

後置・コンマあり

  • now , we stood by our cars , keys in hand , mere inches separating us .小説
  • she 'd remember it all in a minute , she told herself fiercely , fighting back a surge of panic so strong it made her feel nauseated .小説

後置・ダッシュ等

  • …e is the extent to which the risks and benefits of a study can be determined without recourse to the potential participants' own views on the study – the point being that different aspects of a study may pose different ethical, religious or personal concerns for different participants.学術論文 · 補足・具体化 · the point が意味上の主語
  • The former Chelsea flop had a hand in all of their seven goals - scoring five times and providing two assists - in the qualifying series, including a last-gasp penalty against Congo in the final and crucial game.ニュース · 補足・具体化

後置・コンマなし

  • Tomlinson claimed that MI6 had considered assassinating Slobodan Milošević, the president of Serbia, by staging a car crash using a powerful strobe light to blind the driver, and suggested that Diana and Dodi might have been killed by MI6 in the same way.ウェブ・百科事典 · 手段・方法 · by staging a car crash 内の手段
  • amelia called out using a megaphone meredith had in the trunk of her car .小説 · 手段・方法

補語との境界

  • many women spend their whole lives dreaming about their perfect wedding day , i tell her .小説 · spend time doing 型
  • i stood staring at him for a moment .小説 · stood staring 型
付帯状況・連続〜して、それから

前置

  • Initially taking the Croatian on a loan deal, they made the deal permanent last summer, paying a club record fee of £9m.ニュース
  • picking up her coffee , she took a sip and winced .小説

中置

  • the abbot , taking the vials of holy water and chrism in turn , made the sign of the cross on his body , anointing forehead , lips , nose , ears , and eyelids .小説
  • Tensions rose when the Delta Force raiders, descending from their C-141s guns drawn, surrounded the Italian airmen and Carabinieri at the base, but they in turn were surrounded at gunpoint by a second cordon of Carabinieri, who had m…ウェブ・百科事典

後置・コンマあり

  • Finally it was the judge's turn to speak, concluding this way.話し言葉 · 意味上の主語はjudgeでdangling
  • lesley 's legs seemed to have given out on her and he lifted her into his arms , pausing only long enough to grab the quilt from the rocking chair .小説

後置・コンマなし

  • rachel noticed her strange reaction and disappeared into a cabinet searching for her brother 's pots and pans .小説
  • there in the back i found a file with my name on it , i looked around to make sure that no one was coming and pulled the folder up leaving it in place .小説

補語との境界

  • he turned calling after wyatts hurrying figure , and look sharp about it .小説 · turn＋-ing、コンマなし
時〜するとき・したあと

前置

  • Image copyright Lesley Willetts In early 2007, visiting her father in the care home in Yorkshire, Lesley learned that Blake was selling his own house, liquidating his company and moving to France.ニュース
  • Asked if he second-guessed any of his approach, Dipoto replied: “No.ニュース · when asked 相当

中置

  • That being the case, B.A., having shut down or suspended all flights to Saudi Arabia last August, now decided that this flight -- the threat against this particular B.A. flight this coming Monday was credible enough to just cancel the flight.話し言葉 · 主節より前の完了した行為
  • dale , though , lurched groggily forward , taking up the momentum by aiming a feeble kick at rosemary who , swinging her attention to him , was unprepared for darryls slumping over onto his side .小説

後置・コンマあり

  • RALEIGH, N.C. >> North Carolina State wasn’t supposed to even be in this position, entering February with several marquee wins and in the discussion for an NCAA Tournament bid.ニュース
  • The loss to the undefeated Colts dropped the 49ers to 1–4, heading into their bye week.ウェブ・百科事典 · dangling

後置・コンマなし

  • There have been other individuals arrested going over there.話し言葉
  • Aberdeen, in third place, are three points ahead of Hearts in the Scottish Premiership going into Friday's game at Tynecastle, their last before a three-week winter break.ニュース

補語との境界

  • Given America’s puritanical past, it makes sense that, once back home, servicemen would feel squeamish presenting these fixtures to their homeland.ニュース · 形容詞補語とも状況節とも取れる
  • His wife died in 1897, and Holmes died on 27 September 1901 aged 84.ウェブ・百科事典 · 死亡時の年齢を示す句読点のない状態表現
理由〜なので

前置

  • feeling suddenly insecure , i look away from him .小説
  • Assisted by airstrikes and an artillery bombardment, the tank brigade was able to capture the village of Anisovichi.ウェブ・百科事典

中置

  • The Arab parliament, reacting to US President Doland Trump’s decision to ban nationals of six Arab countries from entering America, said the decision violated the simplest rules of justice.ニュース · 発言が決定への反応を具体化
  • My older son, having lost the battle to become the heir, must have done something very preposterous.話し言葉

後置・コンマあり

  • It's funny how everyone gets ready, wanting to look as nice as possible.話し言葉
  • Allegedly, they want to incorporate more footage of her sister, Kim Kardashian West, believing that more individuals will tune in to watch them.ニュース

後置・ダッシュ等

  • `` i didna want to suggest holding meetings in either the big house or tom christie 's place-not wanting to favor either side , ye might say . ''小説

後置・コンマなし

  • McKanes Falls Bridge was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.ウェブ・百科事典
  • Threw me for a loop reading my first, middle and last name in the middle of an exam.ウェブ・百科事典 · 主節主語省略・dangling

補語との境界

  • You’ll have peace of mind knowing that this is equipment you can count on.ウェブ・百科事典 · 状態表現に統合された knowing
  • he seems to appear whenever he becomes bored traveling around the world .小説 · boredの内容・原因とも旅行中の状況とも読める
条件もし〜なら

前置

  • Being most likely somehow subjected to an odd experiment where I perceive an Earth-like reality, I would first look for flaws in the design as I play along.ウェブ・百科事典 · 仮定的な状況設定
  • But taken to extreme, saving life’s niceties for some future, better day disregards the importance – and occasional magic – of now.ニュース · conj

中置

  • we , working together , could raise the money , could direct the funds and frame the debates , would cure diseases .小説
  • Although the Amendment's prefatory clause, standing alone, might suggest a collective or possibly quasi-collective right to a modern reader, when its words are read as they were understood at the Founding, t…ウェブ・百科事典 · 単独で考えれば、の意

後置・コンマあり

  • At the time, Hurricane Alicia is the costliest hurricane to impact Texas, not adjusting for inflation.ウェブ・百科事典 · dangling（調整する主体は書き手・評価者）

後置・ダッシュ等

  • Combined with the lane minions, Cho vs Yorick turns into a farm fest if Yorick doesn't get an advantage before level 3/4 (ignoring bad play(s) etc...).ウェブ・百科事典 · dangling（一般的な観察者が意味上の主語）

補語との境界

  • This is why these two Names are so powerful paired together and why it was said that they were used together by Moses to provoke the splitting of the Red Sea.ウェブ・百科事典 · when paired together相当とも補語とも取れる
譲歩〜だけれども

前置

  • Acknowledging that someone might want to hold many of these to get everything at 5X, they have capped this card at one per person.ウェブ・百科事典 · 認識内容と人数制限に対比がある
  • completely exposed again , zhang did n't move .小説 · being の省略

中置

  • These systems represents a classical example of clusters in the intermediate metallicity regime that, even sharing similar metal content and age, show remarkably different Horizontal Branch morphologies.学術論文 · evenによる譲歩
  • But the combative Furman, emerging afterwards battered and sporting bruises all over his body, must have been satisfied that he had managed to shackle the feared Nigerian midfield and, better still, enhanced his reputation as one of the finest…ニュース · 傷だらけだったにもかかわらず満足したという含み

後置・コンマあり

  • `` okay , '' i allowed , not really believing her , not wanting to .小説 · want to 以下は文脈上の省略

後置・コンマなし

  • I think there is also something to be said from giving gifts knowing that you won't get credit for it.ウェブ・百科事典 · giving giftsにかかる
結果その結果〜

前置

  • Further complicating the memo's release, the top Democrat on the House intelligence committee said late Wednesday that his committee's vote to release the memo was now invalid because it wa…ニュース
  • Putting an end to what seemed to be a never ending concatenation of speculations, Virat Kohli and Anushka Sharma finally got into wedlock on 11 December in Tuscany, Italy.ニュース · 意味上は主節の出来事による結果

中置

  • Neighbour, proving he is exactly as unhinged as his unleashed dog, decides the best course of action is to pay OP in pennies after most likely Googling "most jackass way pay debt not my fault".ウェブ・百科事典 · 位置は中間だが、意味上は後続の決定が正気でないことを証明する結果

後置・コンマあり

  • First Lamine Kone goes chasing after Ashley Barnes and clattered into an advertising hoarding, ending his match a quarter of the way through.ニュース
  • Two new scenarios are proposed which generalize the standard story leading to the pseudoparadox of the Einsteinian relativistic twins, thereby enabling some deeper understanding.学術論文

後置・ダッシュ等

  • And depending on the industry, you also risk having your reputation tarnished (making future employment more difficult to secure).ウェブ・百科事典
  • After running all night, I arrived at the Black door; greeted by more soldiers!ウェブ・百科事典 · 受動の後続場面

後置・コンマなし

  • Above this threshold, the Universe may bounce thereby avoiding a singularity.学術論文
  • The encounter then “escalated in some way,” prompting the sergeant to shoot him in the arm, he said.ニュース

補語との境界

  • According to the findings, the area would have undergone heavy modifications in the 12th and 13th centuries, when a cemetery was created connected to the nearby church of St.ウェブ・百科事典 · created の補語との境界
  • - Don't sit around driving yourself crazy.話し言葉 · sit around doing型
主語の説明〜である（主語は）

前置

  • Nestled in a long, narrow valley between the base of the mountain range to the west and the precipitous canyon of the Machángara River to the east, Quito possesses an unmatched setting: a dangerous chamber created by the nature and enhanced by humans (Figure 1).学術論文
  • Currently valued at $1.43 Billion, the market demonstrates resilience and adaptation to changing conditions.ウェブ・百科事典

中置

  • But that one, being inside it, is exactly the same.話し言葉 · that oneの所在を補足
  • of Lignes Aériennes Latécoère, c.1918.]] à Montaudran]] Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, called Aéropostale in short, was a pioneering aviation company which operated from 1918 to 1933.ウェブ・百科事典 · 会社名の別称を説明

後置・コンマあり

  • my grandparents were victims of the great cataclysm of the early twenty-first century , uprooted from their homes in ruthenia and seeking , like everyone else , a solution to their problems in the coastal states of america , repeating a pattern that had already been set a century earlier .小説 · 祖父母がどのような被害者だったかを説明
  • This was the second big shock in recent months for Lilly investors, coming after the group in November revealed that its experimental medicine for Alzheimer’s had failed a late-stage clinical trial.ニュース · 主語Thisが指すshockの時間的背景

後置・ダッシュ等

  • Personal rivalries galore -- all stoked by Trump.ニュース · allが意味上の主語。見出し調
  • Among the top 10 YouTube partners, Machinima demonstrated the highest engagement (76 minutes per viewer) followed by VEVO (50 minutes per viewer).ウェブ・百科事典 · 順位関係を補足

後置・コンマなし

  • In conjunction with Nucletron (UK & Holland) a high dose rate micro-Selectron has been developed passing a 10 Ci iridium source through up to 18 catheters 2mm in diameter.学術論文 · 装置の作動方式を説明
  • This brand new residence was just completed in 2018 offering sleek finishes, clean lines and ocean views that stretch from the Palos Verdes peninsula to Malibu.ニュース

補語との境界

  • These glands are lobed containing many secretory tubules which radiate outward from the excretory canal at the center.ウェブ・百科事典 · 無コンマで補語との境界
その他

前置

  • Bill O’Brien and Texans could mutually part ways: Reported by Fox’s Jay Glazer, this is on the one hand not surprising, and on the other it’s a bit out of left field.ニュース · 情報源・報道主体の提示
  • CDT Wednesday, June 17, continuing through Thursday, June 18, the Find-a-Surgeon database will be unavailable.ウェブ・百科事典 · dangling・期間の継続。文頭側に省略または欠落あり

中置

  • Connor Thomson, looking to break the status quo, was putting in an incredibly hot pace on the championship leaders before unfortunately crashing out.ニュース · 目的・意図「現状を打破しようとして」
  • The 124 cases can, corresponding to the terms and expressions used, be divided into two grades of uncertainty.学術論文 · 区分の基準・対応関係。語順がやや不自然

後置・コンマあり

  • i crossed my legs , trying to get more comfortable .小説 · 目的（楽な姿勢になろうとして）
  • darnay squirmed , trying to break free himself .小説 · 目的「逃れようとして」

後置・コンマなし

  • There was slight contact between the two men and Ronaldo went down inside the penalty-box looking for a penalty.The referee though penalised Ronaldo for diving and showed him a second yellow which resulted in the Portuguese getting the marching orders.ニュース · 目的・意図（PKを得ようとして）
  • In 2009, after being convicted on petty theft charges, he spent the next four years as a vagrant who wandered from place to place looking for means to survive on the street.ウェブ・百科事典 · 目的「生きる手段を求めて」

補語との境界

  • There are some extreme animal activists who travel the country with cameras trying to draw attention to what they consider to be nefarious practices of people abusing animals.話し言葉 · 目的「注意を引こうとして」
  • people will come looking for me . ''小説 · 目的「私を捜しに来る」

機械が拾ったもののうち、本当に分詞構文だったもの

機械（spaCy）は分詞構文らしい形を広めに拾い、codex が1文ずつ本物かどうかを判定しました。層ごとの割合で候補数を割り戻して表を作っています（書き言葉の分）。

機械が拾った層候補数判定数codex の判定（件数）
前置34,1811303分詞構文 937 壊れた文 84 動名詞 80 前置詞化・定型句 70 名詞の修飾 59 定形動詞 30 独立分詞構文 18 接続詞つき(漏れ) 14 補語(SVOC等) 11
中置931474分詞構文 263 名詞の修飾 138 壊れた文 27 前置詞化・定型句 17 動名詞 14 定形動詞 10 独立分詞構文 3 補語(SVOC等) 2
後置・句読点あり138,7341422分詞構文 1068 名詞の修飾 158 動名詞 52 独立分詞構文 46 定形動詞 44 壊れた文 23 補語(SVOC等) 14 前置詞化・定型句 13 接続詞つき(漏れ) 4
後置・句読点なし24,2671309分詞構文 460 名詞の修飾 255 動名詞 175 補語(SVOC等) 105 補語との境界 102 壊れた文 80 定形動詞 58 独立分詞構文 42 前置詞化・定型句 28 接続詞つき(漏れ) 4
後置・sit/come等の後8,187644補語との境界 408 補語(SVOC等) 89 分詞構文 54 名詞の修飾 40 壊れた文 21 動名詞 14 独立分詞構文 10 前置詞化・定型句 6 定形動詞 2
後置・それ以外の動詞の直後 (said sitting 型)22,792487動名詞 181 分詞構文 101 補語(SVOC等) 65 名詞の修飾 51 補語との境界 38 壊れた文 24 定形動詞 11 独立分詞構文 9 前置詞化・定型句 7
名詞の直後・句読点あり14,879488名詞の修飾 301 分詞構文 98 定形動詞 23 動名詞 19 独立分詞構文 16 壊れた文 15 前置詞化・定型句 10 補語(SVOC等) 3 補語との境界 2 接続詞つき(漏れ) 1
名詞の直後・句読点なし54,774508名詞の修飾 313 分詞構文 55 動名詞 51 独立分詞構文 37 補語(SVOC等) 27 補語との境界 12 前置詞化・定型句 5 壊れた文 4 定形動詞 4

表から外して別に数えたもの

次の3つは分詞構文に含めるかどうかが本によって違うので、上の表には入れず件数だけ数えました（機械の数え上げで、codex の判定はしていません）。

別枠で数えたもの書き言葉話し言葉
接続詞・前置詞つき (while doing)57,06710,029
with＋名詞＋分詞29,2206,441
前置詞化 (including 等)7,5863,169
（参考）本体の候補298,74577,276

どう数えたか

  1. 23.77億語の英語コーパス（小説・ニュース・Wikipedia・ウェブ・Reddit・学術論文・映画字幕・インタビュー・会話）から、文を無作為に約3%取り出しました。古い小説（Gutenberg）と英語でない文は除いています。
  2. spaCy で文の組み立てを解析し、主節にかかる -ing 形・過去分詞のカタマリを全部拾いました。位置（前置・中置・後置）と、直前にコンマがあるかを機械で記録しています。
  3. 拾ったものを「文の種類 × 位置・コンマの型」の組に分け、組ごとに最大120文を無作為に選んで codex（gpt-5.6-sol）に渡しました。codex は「本当に分詞構文か」「どの節にかかるか」「意味は何か（複数可）」を答えています。
  4. 組ごとの判定の割合に、その組の候補数を掛けて全体の数を推定し、意味ごとの割合を出しました。
  5. codex は意味を11分類で判定しましたが、表では学校文法の参考書の分け方に合わせて「補足・具体化（…, saying that）」と「手段・方法（using X）」を「付帯状況・同時」にまとめ、その行に含まれる意味の内訳を添えました。codex が同時を併記した割合は、補足で52%、手段で9%です。
  6. 前置か後置かは、codex が答えた「どの節にかかるか」を優先しました（句点の抜けた文では機械の判定がずれるため）。コンマの有無は機械が記録した値です。
  7. codex の判定を後から直したものが 54 文あります。coupled with X / combined with X は including / according to / based on と同じく前置詞化したものとして表から外し、only when using / even when performed / whether doing のように接続詞が付いていたものは接続詞つきとして外しました（all the while の while は接続詞に数えていません）。

注意すること

調査のサマリー

調べたこと
分詞構文を意味（付帯状況・同時〔補足・手段を含む〕／連続、時、理由、条件、譲歩、結果、主語の説明、その他）に分け、主節の前に置くか後ろに置くか、後ろならコンマで区切るかの割合。2通りに読める文は両方の意味に数えた。
使ったデータ
23.77億語の英語コーパス（小説・ニュース・Wikipedia・ウェブ・Reddit・学術論文・映画字幕・インタビュー・会話）から無作為に約478万文（約3%）。古い小説（Gutenberg）と英語でない文は除外。
数え方
① spaCy で分詞構文らしい候補を広く拾い、位置とコンマを機械で記録（約47万件）。② 文の種類×位置・コンマの型の組ごとに無作為に選び、codex（gpt-5.6-sol）が 7,595 文を「本当に分詞構文か・どの節にかかるか・意味は何か」の3点で判定。③ 組ごとの判定の割合を候補数で割り戻して全体を推定。
分類の合わせ方
codex は11分類で判定し、表では学校文法の参考書に合わせて補足・具体化と手段・方法を付帯状況・同時にまとめた（行に内訳を表示）。結果は参考書では「連続」の例文として載っているが、位置の決まり方が違うので分けて示した。
途中で直したこと
機械が補語と見なして捨てていた said sitting forward 型を拾い直した（コンマなし後置が2〜3割少なく出ていた）。句点の抜けた文で機械が位置を取り違えるので、位置は codex の答えを優先。coupled with などの前置詞化したものと、接続詞つきの漏れ（only when using など）計54文を後処理で除外。「主語の説明」を意味の分類に追加。
わかったこと
書き言葉では前置15%・後置85%。後置のうちコンマあり77%・コンマなし16%・sat reading 型7%。付帯状況・同時が7割で9割が後置。結果は後置に固定。連続は出来事の順番で前置／後置が決まる。前置が多数派なのは時・譲歩・条件。条件・譲歩はそれぞれ1%未満。
限界
条件（46文）・譲歩（39文）は判定が少なく、割合は±15ポイントほど動き得る。話し言葉のコンマは書き起こし次第。codex の利用上限と負荷のため、判定を増やす追加分は73バッチ中51で打ち切り（抜けは無作為で偏りはない）。
判定と検品
意味と分詞構文かどうかの判定は codex。Claude は試走97文を自分の読みと突き合わせ、本番・追加分・拾い直した組を意味ごとに抜き取って読んだ。
資料の場所
C:\JC_EDU\_catalog\participle_clause\（scripts＝走査・判定・集計の手順一式／tables＝集計表／report＝このページ）。