ローカル23.8億語コーパスを全文1パスで走査し、to不定詞 3,850万件を相・態別に全数分類した。読みどおり、使用状況はかなり絞られる — 進行形は4つの枠で7割、受動態は「まだ実現していない事柄」に集中する。
to不定詞27万件。出る枠は going to / seem・appear・happen / be supposed to / be said・believed to の4つで 69.7%。
try to be doing は0.04% — 事実上存在しない。
97万件。need to / have to / be to と 名詞修飾（work to be done）で 46.4%、going to まで入れて 53.4%。動作主の by句は 10% しか付かない。
進行不定詞は話し言葉（放送インタビューは学術の10倍）、受動不定詞は書き言葉（学術は字幕の約4倍）。同じ「不定詞の変形」でも住む場所が正反対。
to不定詞のうち to be … という形になるのは 9.9%。その中身は形容詞・名詞が3分の2を占め、受動が4分の1、進行は14分の1にすぎない。
| 形 | 件数 | 割合 | 百万語あたり |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原形to do | 33,584,703 | 87.23% | 14,128.5 |
| to be + 形容詞/名詞 | 2,570,549 | 6.68% | 1,081.4 |
| 受動to be done | 969,698 | 2.52% | 407.9 |
| to have + 名詞（本動詞） | 793,653 | 2.06% | 333.9 |
| 進行to be doing | 271,256 | 0.71% | 114.1 |
| to get done | 134,178 | 0.35% | 56.5 |
| 完了to have done | 130,329 | 0.34% | 54.8 |
| to have been done | 23,742 | 0.062% | 10.0 |
| to have been + 形/名 | 19,450 | 0.051% | 8.2 |
| to have been doing | 2,280 | 0.006% | 1.0 |
| to be being done | 234 | 0.0006% | 0.10 |
同じ非定形でも、生徒が実際に浴びるのは can be done will be doing のほうである。
| 形 | 助動詞＋原形 | to不定詞 | 比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 受動 | 2,110,369 (888/M) | 969,698 (408/M) | 2.18倍 |
| 進行 | 597,004 (251/M) | 271,256 (114/M) | 2.20倍 |
| 完了受動 | 97,434 | 23,742 | 4.10倍 |
| フレーム | 件数 | 占有率 | コーパス実例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be going to be doing | 90,931 | 33.5% | We're going to be talking to him in just a few minutes. |
| seem / appear / happen to be doing | 73,457 | 27.1% | Your economy seems to be falling apart now. |
| 名詞・形容詞 ＋ to be doing | 15,324 | 5.7% | and you mister are in a dangerous place to be lounging. |
| be supposed to be doing | 15,223 | 5.6% | Aren't you supposed to be looking for a killer? |
| have to / need to / ought to be doing | 17,265 | 6.4% | We really need to be looking at what we do taxwise. |
| want / mean / claim / pretend to be doing | 13,147 | 4.8% | The guerrillas still claim to be using the AK-47. |
| その他の動詞（got to be kidding 等） | 10,958 | 4.0% | You've got to be kidding me. |
| be said / believed / reported / rumo(u)red to be doing | 9,493 | 3.5% | The F.A.A. is said to be investigating. |
| excited / delighted / happy / proud to be doing | 5,528 | 2.0% | I'm excited to be working again. |
「その語が to不定詞を取るとき、何%が to be doing になるか」。線引きは明確で、今の状態を推し量る・伝え聞く・評価する枠は進行形を取り、意志・努力・決断の動詞は取らない。
| 支配語 | 進行率 | 件数 | 意味の枠 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be rumo(u)red to | 13〜21% | 527 | 伝聞 |
| seem to | 11.9% | 55,553 | 推量 |
| be announced to | 9.5% | 201 | 伝聞 |
| appear to | 9.4% | 15,222 | 推量 |
| be thrilled to | 9.1% | 280 | 感情 |
| be supposed to | 6.6% | 15,299 | 予定・建前 |
| happen to | 5.6% | 4,547 | 偶然 |
| be seen / perceived to | 5.2% | 784 | 評価 |
| be excited to | 4.8% | 908 | 感情 |
| ought to | 4.5% | 3,171 | 義務 |
| be believed to | 4.2% | 1,808 | 伝聞 |
| be said to | 3.7% | 2,899 | 伝聞 |
| be going to | 2.8% | 90,120 | 未来 |
| need to | 0.68% | 7,072 | 必要 |
| have to | 0.30% | 7,326 | 義務 |
| want to | 0.24% | 6,010 | 願望 |
| try to | 0.036% | 579 | 努力 — 事実上作らない |
do, go, get, talk, work, look, take, come, make, have, watch, move, play, run, think, see, sit, live, speak … 一定時間続く動作の動詞が上位を占める。形容詞化した -ing（challenging, hardworking 等）は 0.2% しかなく、この形はほぼ純粋に「進行中」を表している。
| 主語のタイプ | going to be doing | seem / appear / happen 型 |
|---|---|---|
| 人称代名詞（I / we / you / he / they） | 64.6% | 31.1% |
| 普通名詞 | 14.6% | 33.3% |
| 固有名詞 | 8.5% | 12.7% |
| 関係代名詞（which / who / that） | 5.7% | 9.3% |
| it | 2.5% | 6.6% |
| this / all / something 等 | 2.7% | 5.3% |
going to be doing の主語は人（3分の2が人称代名詞）。一方 seem型 の主語には things, people, everyone, everything, nothing, president, world, government, economy, situation, market のような「状況・組織」がそのまま立つ。話し手が外から観察している対象だからである。
| レジスター | 進行/1,000 | うち going to | うち seem型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 話し言葉（放送インタビュー） | 14.4 | 52.3% | 21.1% |
| 話し言葉（自然会話） | 8.3 | 32.1% | 16.5% |
| 現代小説 | 6.4 | 10.8% | 44.1% |
| 話し言葉（映画字幕） | 6.2 | 34.5% | 19.0% |
| 報道 | 5.3 | 11.8% | 35.2% |
| web掲示板 | 5.3 | 19.5% | 32.4% |
| 百科事典 | 2.0 | 1.9% | 25.4% |
| 一般web | 2.0 | 11.9% | 31.6% |
| 学術（医学） | 1.5 | 0.5% | 37.8% |
| 学術（理工） | 1.3 | 0.0% | 30.3% |
seem / appear to be doing。論文で書いてよい進行不定詞は事実上これだけと言ってよい。| フレーム | 件数 | 占有率 | コーパス実例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名詞修飾 N to be done | 192,854 | 19.9% | There were calls for the system to be abandoned. |
| 動詞 ＋ to（want / wait / deserve / continue） | 112,967 | 11.7% | Every life deserves to be honored and remembered. |
| have to be done | 102,863 | 10.6% | Due to the objections of the Mufti, the plan had to be abandoned. |
| need to be done | 91,560 | 9.4% | Forceful and decisive action needs to be taken. |
| その他の動詞（remain / schedule / set / design） | 76,435 | 7.9% | It remains to be seen what other numbers… |
| going to be done | 68,169 | 7.0% | Well, the case is going to be reopened. |
| be to be done（予定・義務） | 62,462 | 6.4% | Firstly the 9th Company's troops are to be transferred. |
| V ＋ O ＋ to（allow / want / cause / require） | 56,949 | 5.9% | They want independent safety inspections, reports to be made public. |
| be said / expected / found / shown to be done | 41,639 | 4.3% | It is widely believed to be caused by glacial movement. |
| seem / appear to be done | 31,282 | 3.2% | This appears to be linked to the oestrogen balance. |
| there is ＋ N ＋ to be done | 27,408 | 2.8% | There's work to be done on that boat. |
| likely / able / ready / due / sure to be done | 26,293 | 2.7% | The project is due to be completed in mid-2022. |
| about to be done | 7,988 | 0.8% | You're about to be charged with murder. |
| 支配語 | 受動率 | 件数 | 意味の枠 |
|---|---|---|---|
| remain to（remains to be seen） | 78.0% | 11,754 | 未決着 |
| beg to | 29.6% | 1,500 | 懇願（〜されたい） |
| deserve to | 28.2% | 6,813 | 受益（〜されるに値する） |
| demand to | 17.3% | 1,005 | 要求 |
| be due to | 13.8% | 2,283 | 予定 |
| be scheduled to | 13.7% | 3,944 | 予定 |
| be found to | 10.8% | 7,504 | 認識・研究報告 |
| be likely to | 10.0% | 13,568 | 蓋然性 |
| the first to | 9.4% | 7,975 | 名詞修飾 |
| need to | 8.9% | 91,747 | 必要 |
| wait to | 8.4% | 6,538 | 受益（〜されるのを待つ） |
| ought to | 8.4% | 5,914 | 義務 |
| be believed to / appear to | 7.9% | 16,333 | 推量・伝聞 |
| be to | 7.5% | 70,172 | 予定・義務 |
| be expected to | 7.0% | 14,402 | 予測 |
| have to | 4.3% | 104,681 | 義務 |
| seem to | 3.4% | 15,720 | 推量 |
| going to | 2.1% | 69,026 | 未来 |
| want to | 1.5% | 38,107 | 願望 |
| 主語のタイプ | need / have to be done | be to be done | seem to be done |
|---|---|---|---|
| 普通名詞 | 44.7% | 53.6% | 52.3% |
| 関係代名詞（which / that） | 19.4% | 7.5% | 11.1% |
| 人称代名詞 | 16.8% | 12.2% | 13.4% |
| it | 8.2% | 6.4% | 6.1% |
| 固有名詞 | 5.0% | 8.4% | 11.5% |
主語に立つ名詞の上位は something, people, things, work, everything, system, decisions, issues, questions, data, changes, money, information（need / have to）、something, nothing, work, lot, money, time, reason（be to）。人が主語になるのは want / deserve / wait / beg to be + 過去分詞（＝「〜されたい」）のときに限られる。
| 形 | by句を伴う割合 | 読み取り |
|---|---|---|
| to be done | 10.2% | 「誰がやるか言わない」ための形 |
| 助動詞 ＋ be done | 11.0% | 同上 |
| to have been done | 23.8% | 「誰の手で起きたか」を推定する文脈で使うため2倍以上 |
| レジスター | 上位の過去分詞 | 性格 |
|---|---|---|
| 学術 | associated with, related to, involved in, based on, correlated with | 関係を述べる形容詞的分詞（全体の6.1%） |
| 報道 | released, scheduled, expected, completed, held, sentenced, published | 予定・発表 |
| 会話・字幕 | done, taken, made, told, killed, married, left | 日常の被動作 |
受動不定詞の出現率は 学術（医学）62.9件／to不定詞1,000件 に対し 映画字幕 16.3件。進行不定詞とちょうど逆の勾配を描く。
| 表現 | 実測件数 |
|---|---|
| It remains to be seen … | 5,831 |
| (There is) work to be done | 2,589 |
| nowhere to be found | 2,525 |
| a force to be reckoned with | 1,514 |
| leaves much to be desired | 1,495 |
| You've got to be kidding （進行） | 1,433 |
| There's nothing to be done | 964 |
| 形 | 件数 | 密度 | 判定 |
|---|---|---|---|
| to have been done（完了受動） | 23,742 | 10 / 百万語 | 読解では出る。is said to have been built 型が中心 |
| to have been doing（完了進行） | 2,280 | 1 / 百万語 | ほぼ seem to have been doing 専用 |
| to be being done（進行受動） | 234 | 1億語あたり 9.8 | 事実上ゼロ。作らせない・出題しない |
Nick's own son, Joey Naylor, seems to be being groomed for the job.
They appear to be being attended to on the ground there.